diff --git a/tests/robustness/model/deterministic.go b/tests/robustness/model/deterministic.go
index e01293853..12c40ff57 100644
--- a/tests/robustness/model/deterministic.go
+++ b/tests/robustness/model/deterministic.go
@@ -70,12 +70,8 @@ func (s etcdState) Step(request EtcdRequest, response EtcdResponse) (bool, etcdS
 
 // initState tries to create etcd state based on the first request.
 func initState(request EtcdRequest, response EtcdResponse) etcdState {
-	state := etcdState{
-		Revision:  response.Revision,
-		KeyValues: map[string]ValueRevision{},
-		KeyLeases: map[string]int64{},
-		Leases:    map[int64]EtcdLease{},
-	}
+	state := emptyState()
+	state.Revision = response.Revision
 	switch request.Type {
 	case Txn:
 		if response.Txn.Failure {
@@ -118,6 +114,15 @@ func initState(request EtcdRequest, response EtcdResponse) etcdState {
 	return state
 }
 
+func emptyState() etcdState {
+	return etcdState{
+		Revision:  1,
+		KeyValues: map[string]ValueRevision{},
+		KeyLeases: map[string]int64{},
+		Leases:    map[int64]EtcdLease{},
+	}
+}
+
 // step handles a successful request, returning updated state and response it would generate.
 func (s etcdState) step(request EtcdRequest) (etcdState, EtcdResponse) {
 	newKVs := map[string]ValueRevision{}
diff --git a/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic.go b/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic.go
index 318b47390..163ea8db9 100644
--- a/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic.go
+++ b/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic.go
@@ -71,11 +71,10 @@ type EtcdNonDeterministicResponse struct {
 
 func (states nonDeterministicState) Step(request EtcdRequest, response EtcdNonDeterministicResponse) (bool, nonDeterministicState) {
 	if len(states) == 0 {
-		// states were not initialized
-		if response.Err != nil || response.ResultUnknown || response.Revision == 0 {
-			return true, nil
+		if response.Err == nil && !response.ResultUnknown {
+			return true, nonDeterministicState{initState(request, response.EtcdResponse)}
 		}
-		return true, initNonDeterministicState(request, response)
+		states = nonDeterministicState{emptyState()}
 	}
 	var newStates nonDeterministicState
 	if response.Err != nil {
@@ -86,10 +85,6 @@ func (states nonDeterministicState) Step(request EtcdRequest, response EtcdNonDe
 	return len(newStates) > 0, newStates
 }
 
-func initNonDeterministicState(request EtcdRequest, response EtcdNonDeterministicResponse) nonDeterministicState {
-	return nonDeterministicState{initState(request, response.EtcdResponse)}
-}
-
 // stepFailedRequest duplicates number of states by considering request persisted and lost.
 func (states nonDeterministicState) stepFailedRequest(request EtcdRequest) nonDeterministicState {
 	newStates := make(nonDeterministicState, 0, len(states)*2)
diff --git a/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic_test.go b/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic_test.go
index 154e6e20c..857cba5e0 100644
--- a/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic_test.go
+++ b/tests/robustness/model/non_deterministic_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/api/v3/mvccpb"
 )
 
 func TestModelNonDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
@@ -30,6 +32,22 @@ func TestModelNonDeterministic(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	nonDeterministicTestScenarios = append(nonDeterministicTestScenarios, []nonDeterministicModelTest{
+		{
+			name: "First Put request fails, but is persisted",
+			operations: []nonDeterministicOperation{
+				{req: putRequest("key1", "1"), resp: failedResponse(errors.New("failed"))},
+				{req: putRequest("key2", "2"), resp: putResponse(3)},
+				{req: rangeRequest("key", true, 0), resp: rangeResponse([]*mvccpb.KeyValue{{Key: []byte("key1"), Value: []byte("1"), ModRevision: 2}, {Key: []byte("key2"), Value: []byte("2"), ModRevision: 3}}, 2, 3)},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "First Put request fails, and is lost",
+			operations: []nonDeterministicOperation{
+				{req: putRequest("key1", "1"), resp: failedResponse(errors.New("failed"))},
+				{req: putRequest("key2", "2"), resp: putResponse(2)},
+				{req: rangeRequest("key", true, 0), resp: rangeResponse([]*mvccpb.KeyValue{{Key: []byte("key2"), Value: []byte("2"), ModRevision: 2}}, 1, 2)},
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "Put can fail and be lost before get",
 			operations: []nonDeterministicOperation{