mdtest/src/ior.c

/* -*- mode: c; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
 * vim:expandtab:shiftwidth=8:tabstop=8:
 */
/******************************************************************************\
*                                                                              *
*        Copyright (c) 2003, The Regents of the University of California       *
*      See the file COPYRIGHT for a complete copyright notice and license.     *
*                                                                              *
\******************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <ctype.h>              /* tolower() */
#include <errno.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <mpi.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>           /* struct stat */
#include <time.h>
#ifndef _WIN32
#include <sys/time.h>           /* gettimeofday() */
#include <sys/utsname.h>        /* uname() */
#endif
#include <assert.h>

#include "ior.h"
#include "aiori.h"
#include "utilities.h"
#include "parse_options.h"

/* globals used by other files, also defined "extern" in ior.h */
int numTasksWorld = 0;
int rank = 0;
int rankOffset = 0;
int tasksPerNode = 0;           /* tasks per node */
int verbose = VERBOSE_0;        /* verbose output */
MPI_Comm testComm;

/* file scope globals */
extern char **environ;
int totalErrorCount = 0;
double wall_clock_delta = 0;
double wall_clock_deviation;

ior_aiori_t *backend;
ior_aiori_t *available_aiori[] = {
#ifdef USE_POSIX_AIORI
        &posix_aiori,
#endif
#ifdef USE_MPIIO_AIORI
        &mpiio_aiori,
#endif
#ifdef USE_HDF5_AIORI
        &hdf5_aiori,
#endif
#ifdef USE_NCMPI_AIORI
        &ncmpi_aiori,
#endif
        NULL
};

static void DestroyTests(IOR_test_t *tests_head);
static void DisplayUsage(char **);
static void GetTestFileName(char *, IOR_param_t *);
static char *PrependDir(IOR_param_t *, char *);
static char **ParseFileName(char *, int *);
static void PrintHeader(int argc, char **argv);
static IOR_test_t *SetupTests(int, char **);
static void ShowTestInfo(IOR_param_t *);
static void ShowSetup(IOR_param_t *params);
static void ShowTest(IOR_param_t *);
static void PrintSummaryAllTests(IOR_test_t *tests_head);
static void TestIoSys(IOR_test_t *);
static void ValidTests(IOR_param_t *);
static IOR_offset_t WriteOrRead(IOR_param_t *, void *, int);
static void WriteTimes(IOR_param_t *, double **, int, int);

/********************************** M A I N ***********************************/

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        int i;
        IOR_test_t *tests_head;
        IOR_test_t *tptr;

        /*
         * check -h option from commandline without starting MPI;
         * if the help option is requested in a script file (showHelp=TRUE),
         * the help output will be displayed in the MPI job
         */
        for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
                if (strcmp(argv[i], "-h") == 0) {
                        DisplayUsage(argv);
                        return (0);
                }
        }

        /* start the MPI code */
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Init(&argc, &argv), "cannot initialize MPI");
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &numTasksWorld),
                  "cannot get number of tasks");
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &rank), "cannot get rank");
        /* set error-handling */
        /*MPI_CHECK(MPI_Errhandler_set(MPI_COMM_WORLD, MPI_ERRORS_RETURN),
           "cannot set errhandler"); */

        /* Sanity check, we were compiled with SOME backend, right? */
        if (available_aiori[0] == NULL) {
                ERR("No IO backends compiled into ior.  That should not have happened.");
        }

        /* setup tests before verifying test validity */
        tests_head = SetupTests(argc, argv);
        verbose = tests_head->params.verbose;
        tests_head->params.testComm = MPI_COMM_WORLD;

        /* check for commandline usage */
        if (rank == 0 && tests_head->params.showHelp == TRUE) {
                DisplayUsage(argv);
        }

	PrintHeader(argc, argv);

        /* perform each test */
	for (tptr = tests_head; tptr != NULL; tptr = tptr->next) {
                verbose = tptr->params.verbose;
                if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_0) {
                        ShowTestInfo(&tptr->params);
                }
                if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_3) {
                        ShowTest(&tptr->params);
                }
                TestIoSys(tptr);
        }

	PrintSummaryAllTests(tests_head);

        /* display finish time */
        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_0) {
		fprintf(stdout, "\n");
		fprintf(stdout, "Finished: %s", CurrentTimeString());
        }

	DestroyTests(tests_head);

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Finalize(), "cannot finalize MPI");

        return (totalErrorCount);
}

/***************************** F U N C T I O N S ******************************/

/*
 * Initialize an IOR_param_t structure to the defaults
 */
void init_IOR_Param_t(IOR_param_t * p)
{
        memset(p, 0, sizeof(IOR_param_t));

        p->mode = IOR_IRUSR | IOR_IWUSR | IOR_IRGRP | IOR_IWGRP;
        p->openFlags = IOR_RDWR | IOR_CREAT;
        p->TestNum = -1;
        assert(available_aiori[0] != NULL);
        strncpy(p->api, available_aiori[0]->name, MAX_STR);
        strncpy(p->platform, "HOST(OSTYPE)", MAX_STR);
        strncpy(p->testFileName, "testFile", MAXPATHLEN);
        p->nodes = 1;
        p->tasksPerNode = 1;
        p->repetitions = 1;
        p->repCounter = -1;
        p->open = WRITE;
        p->taskPerNodeOffset = 1;
        p->segmentCount = 1;
        p->blockSize = 1048576;
        p->transferSize = 262144;
        p->randomSeed = -1;
        p->testComm = MPI_COMM_WORLD;
        p->setAlignment = 1;
        p->lustre_start_ost = -1;
}

/*
 * Bind the global "backend" pointer to the requested backend AIORI's
 * function table.
 */
static void AioriBind(char *api)
{
        ior_aiori_t **tmp;

        backend = NULL;
        for (tmp = available_aiori; *tmp != NULL; tmp++) {
                if (strcmp(api, (*tmp)->name) == 0) {
                        backend = *tmp;
                        break;
                }
        }

        if (backend == NULL) {
                ERR("unrecognized IO API");
        }

}

static void
DisplayOutliers(int numTasks,
                double timerVal,
                char *timeString, int access, int outlierThreshold)
{
        char accessString[MAX_STR];
        double sum, mean, sqrDiff, var, sd;

        /* for local timerVal, don't compensate for wall clock delta */
        timerVal += wall_clock_delta;

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Allreduce
                  (&timerVal, &sum, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, testComm),
                  "MPI_Allreduce()");
        mean = sum / numTasks;
        sqrDiff = pow((mean - timerVal), 2);
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Allreduce
                  (&sqrDiff, &var, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_SUM, testComm),
                  "MPI_Allreduce()");
        var = var / numTasks;
        sd = sqrt(var);

        if (access == WRITE) {
                strcpy(accessString, "write");
        } else {                /* READ */
                strcpy(accessString, "read");
        }
        if (fabs(timerVal - mean) > (double)outlierThreshold) {
                fprintf(stdout, "WARNING: for task %d, %s %s is %f\n",
                        rank, accessString, timeString, timerVal);
                fprintf(stdout, "         (mean=%f, stddev=%f)\n", mean, sd);
                fflush(stdout);
        }
}

/*
 * Check for outliers in start/end times and elapsed create/xfer/close times.
 */
static void CheckForOutliers(IOR_param_t * test, double **timer, int rep,
                             int access)
{
        int shift;

        if (access == WRITE) {
                shift = 0;
        } else {                /* READ */
                shift = 6;
        }

        DisplayOutliers(test->numTasks, timer[shift + 0][rep],
                        "start time", access, test->outlierThreshold);
        DisplayOutliers(test->numTasks,
                        timer[shift + 1][rep] - timer[shift + 0][rep],
                        "elapsed create time", access, test->outlierThreshold);
        DisplayOutliers(test->numTasks,
                        timer[shift + 3][rep] - timer[shift + 2][rep],
                        "elapsed transfer time", access,
                        test->outlierThreshold);
        DisplayOutliers(test->numTasks,
                        timer[shift + 5][rep] - timer[shift + 4][rep],
                        "elapsed close time", access, test->outlierThreshold);
        DisplayOutliers(test->numTasks, timer[shift + 5][rep], "end time",
                        access, test->outlierThreshold);

}

/*
 * Check if actual file size equals expected size; if not use actual for
 * calculating performance rate.
 */
static void CheckFileSize(IOR_test_t *test, IOR_offset_t dataMoved, int rep)
{
	IOR_param_t *params = &test->params;
	IOR_results_t *results = test->results;

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Allreduce(&dataMoved, &results->aggFileSizeFromXfer[rep],
                                1, MPI_LONG_LONG_INT, MPI_SUM, testComm),
                  "cannot total data moved");

        if (strcmp(params->api, "HDF5") != 0 && strcmp(params->api, "NCMPI") != 0) {
                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_0 && rank == 0) {
                        if ((params->expectedAggFileSize
                             != results->aggFileSizeFromXfer[rep])
                            || (results->aggFileSizeFromStat[rep]
                                != results->aggFileSizeFromXfer[rep])) {
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "WARNING: Expected aggregate file size       = %lld.\n",
                                        (long long) params->expectedAggFileSize);
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "WARNING: Stat() of aggregate file size      = %lld.\n",
                                        (long long) results->aggFileSizeFromStat[rep]);
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "WARNING: Using actual aggregate bytes moved = %lld.\n",
                                        (long long) results->aggFileSizeFromXfer[rep]);
                        }
                }
        }
        results->aggFileSizeForBW[rep] = results->aggFileSizeFromXfer[rep];
}

/*
 * Compare buffers after reading/writing each transfer.  Displays only first
 * difference in buffers and returns total errors counted.
 */
static size_t
CompareBuffers(void *expectedBuffer,
               void *unknownBuffer,
               size_t size,
               IOR_offset_t transferCount, IOR_param_t *test, int access)
{
        char testFileName[MAXPATHLEN];
        char bufferLabel1[MAX_STR];
        char bufferLabel2[MAX_STR];
        size_t i, j, length, first, last;
        size_t errorCount = 0;
        int inError = 0;
        unsigned long long *goodbuf = (unsigned long long *)expectedBuffer;
        unsigned long long *testbuf = (unsigned long long *)unknownBuffer;

        if (access == WRITECHECK) {
                strcpy(bufferLabel1, "Expected: ");
                strcpy(bufferLabel2, "Actual:   ");
        } else if (access == READCHECK) {
                strcpy(bufferLabel1, "1st Read: ");
                strcpy(bufferLabel2, "2nd Read: ");
        } else {
                ERR("incorrect argument for CompareBuffers()");
        }

        length = size / sizeof(IOR_size_t);
        first = -1;
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3) {
                fprintf(stdout,
                        "[%d] At file byte offset %lld, comparing %llu-byte transfer\n",
                        rank, test->offset, (long long)size);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                if (testbuf[i] != goodbuf[i]) {
                        errorCount++;
                        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2) {
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "[%d] At transfer buffer #%lld, index #%lld (file byte offset %lld):\n",
                                        rank, transferCount - 1, (long long)i,
                                        test->offset +
                                        (IOR_size_t) (i * sizeof(IOR_size_t)));
                                fprintf(stdout, "[%d] %s0x", rank, bufferLabel1);
                                fprintf(stdout, "%016llx\n", goodbuf[i]);
                                fprintf(stdout, "[%d] %s0x", rank, bufferLabel2);
                                fprintf(stdout, "%016llx\n", testbuf[i]);
                        }
                        if (!inError) {
                                inError = 1;
                                first = i;
                                last = i;
                        } else {
                                last = i;
                        }
                } else if (verbose >= VERBOSE_5 && i % 4 == 0) {
                        fprintf(stdout,
                                "[%d] PASSED offset = %lld bytes, transfer %lld\n",
                                rank,
                                ((i * sizeof(unsigned long long)) +
                                 test->offset), transferCount);
                        fprintf(stdout, "[%d] GOOD %s0x", rank, bufferLabel1);
                        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
                                fprintf(stdout, "%016llx ", goodbuf[i + j]);
                        fprintf(stdout, "\n[%d] GOOD %s0x", rank, bufferLabel2);
                        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++)
                                fprintf(stdout, "%016llx ", testbuf[i + j]);
                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
                }
        }
        if (inError) {
                inError = 0;
                GetTestFileName(testFileName, test);
                fprintf(stdout,
                        "[%d] FAILED comparison of buffer containing %d-byte ints:\n",
                        rank, (int)sizeof(unsigned long long int));
                fprintf(stdout, "[%d]   File name = %s\n", rank, testFileName);
                fprintf(stdout, "[%d]   In transfer %lld, ", rank,
                        transferCount);
                fprintf(stdout,
                        "%lld errors between buffer indices %lld and %lld.\n",
                        (long long)errorCount, (long long)first,
                        (long long)last);
                fprintf(stdout, "[%d]   File byte offset = %lld:\n", rank,
                        ((first * sizeof(unsigned long long)) + test->offset));

                fprintf(stdout, "[%d]     %s0x", rank, bufferLabel1);
                for (j = first; j < length && j < first + 4; j++)
                        fprintf(stdout, "%016llx ", goodbuf[j]);
                if (j == length)
                        fprintf(stdout, "[end of buffer]");
                fprintf(stdout, "\n[%d]     %s0x", rank, bufferLabel2);
                for (j = first; j < length && j < first + 4; j++)
                        fprintf(stdout, "%016llx ", testbuf[j]);
                if (j == length)
                        fprintf(stdout, "[end of buffer]");
                fprintf(stdout, "\n");
                if (test->quitOnError == TRUE)
                        ERR("data check error, aborting execution");
        }
        return (errorCount);
}

/*
 * Count all errors across all tasks; report errors found.
 */
static int CountErrors(IOR_param_t * test, int access, int errors)
{
        int allErrors = 0;

        if (test->checkWrite || test->checkRead) {
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Reduce(&errors, &allErrors, 1, MPI_INT, MPI_SUM,
                                     0, testComm), "cannot reduce errors");
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Bcast(&allErrors, 1, MPI_INT, 0, testComm),
                          "cannot broadcast allErrors value");
                if (allErrors != 0) {
                        totalErrorCount += allErrors;
                        test->errorFound = TRUE;
                }
                if (rank == 0 && allErrors != 0) {
                        if (allErrors < 0) {
                                WARN("overflow in errors counted");
                                allErrors = -1;
                        }
			fprintf(stdout, "WARNING: incorrect data on %s (%d errors found).\n",
				access == WRITECHECK ? "write" : "read", allErrors);
                        fprintf(stdout,
                                "Used Time Stamp %u (0x%x) for Data Signature\n",
                                test->timeStampSignatureValue,
                                test->timeStampSignatureValue);
                }
        }
        return (allErrors);
}

/*
 * Compares hostnames to determine the number of tasks per node
 */
static int CountTasksPerNode(int numTasks, MPI_Comm comm)
{
        char localhost[MAX_STR], hostname[MAX_STR], taskOnNode[MAX_STR];
        int count = 1, resultsLen = MAX_STR, i;
        static int firstPass = TRUE;
        MPI_Status status;

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Get_processor_name(localhost, &resultsLen),
                  "cannot get processor name");

        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2 && firstPass) {
                sprintf(taskOnNode, "task %d on %s", rank, localhost);
                OutputToRoot(numTasks, comm, taskOnNode);
                firstPass = FALSE;
        }

        if (numTasks > 1) {
                if (rank == 0) {
                        /* MPI_receive all hostnames, and compare to local hostname */
                        for (i = 0; i < numTasks - 1; i++) {
                                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Recv
                                          (hostname, MAX_STR, MPI_CHAR,
                                           MPI_ANY_SOURCE, MPI_ANY_TAG, comm,
                                           &status),
                                          "cannot receive hostnames");
                                if (strcmp(hostname, localhost) == 0)
                                        count++;
                        }
                } else {
                        /* MPI_send hostname to root node */
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Send(localhost, MAX_STR, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0,
                                           comm), "cannot send hostname");
                }
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Bcast(&count, 1, MPI_INT, 0, comm),
                          "cannot broadcast tasks-per-node value");
        }

        return (count);
}

/*
 * Allocate a page-aligned (required by O_DIRECT) buffer.
 */
static void *aligned_buffer_alloc(size_t size)
{
        size_t pageSize;
        size_t pageMask;
        char *buf, *tmp;
        char *aligned;

        pageSize = getpagesize();
        pageMask = pageSize - 1;
        buf = malloc(size + pageSize + sizeof(void *));
        if (buf == NULL)
                ERR("out of memory");
        /* find the alinged buffer */
        tmp = buf + sizeof(char *);
        aligned = tmp + pageSize - ((size_t) tmp & pageMask);
        /* write a pointer to the original malloc()ed buffer into the bytes
           preceding "aligned", so that the aligned buffer can later be free()ed */
        tmp = aligned - sizeof(void *);
        *(void **)tmp = buf;

        return (void *)aligned;
}

/*
 * Free a buffer allocated by aligned_buffer_alloc().
 */
static void aligned_buffer_free(void *buf)
{
        free(*(void **)((char *)buf - sizeof(char *)));
}

void AllocResults(IOR_test_t *test)
{
	int reps;
	if (test->results != NULL)
		return;

	reps = test->params.repetitions;
	test->results = (IOR_results_t *)malloc(sizeof(IOR_results_t));
	if (test->results == NULL)
		ERR("malloc of IOR_results_t failed");

	test->results->writeTime = (double *)malloc(reps * sizeof(double));
	if (test->results->writeTime == NULL)
		ERR("malloc of writeTime array failed");
	memset(test->results->writeTime, 0, reps * sizeof(double));

	test->results->readTime = (double *)malloc(reps * sizeof(double));
	if (test->results->readTime == NULL)
		ERR("malloc of readTime array failed");
	memset(test->results->readTime, 0, reps * sizeof(double));

        test->results->aggFileSizeFromStat =
            (IOR_offset_t *)malloc(reps * sizeof(IOR_offset_t));
        if (test->results->aggFileSizeFromStat == NULL)
                ERR("malloc of aggFileSizeFromStat failed");

        test->results->aggFileSizeFromXfer =
            (IOR_offset_t *)malloc(reps * sizeof(IOR_offset_t));
        if (test->results->aggFileSizeFromXfer == NULL)
                ERR("malloc of aggFileSizeFromXfer failed");

        test->results->aggFileSizeForBW =
            (IOR_offset_t *)malloc(reps * sizeof(IOR_offset_t));
        if (test->results->aggFileSizeForBW == NULL)
                ERR("malloc of aggFileSizeForBW failed");

}

void FreeResults(IOR_test_t *test)
{
	if (test->results != NULL) {
		free(test->results->aggFileSizeFromStat);
		free(test->results->aggFileSizeFromXfer);
		free(test->results->aggFileSizeForBW);
		free(test->results->readTime);
		free(test->results->writeTime);
		free(test->results);
	}
}


/*
 * Create new test for list of tests.
 */
IOR_test_t *CreateTest(IOR_param_t *init_params, int test_num)
{
        IOR_test_t *newTest = NULL;

        newTest = (IOR_test_t *) malloc(sizeof(IOR_test_t));
        if (newTest == NULL)
                ERR("malloc() of IOR_test_t failed");
        newTest->params = *init_params;
        GetPlatformName(newTest->params.platform);
        newTest->params.nodes = init_params->numTasks / tasksPerNode;
        newTest->params.tasksPerNode = tasksPerNode;
        newTest->params.id = test_num;
        newTest->next = NULL;
	newTest->results = NULL;
        return newTest;
}

static void DestroyTest(IOR_test_t *test)
{
	FreeResults(test);
	free(test);
}

static void DestroyTests(IOR_test_t *tests_head)
{
	IOR_test_t *tptr, *next;

	for (tptr = tests_head; tptr != NULL; tptr = next) {
		next = tptr->next;
		DestroyTest(tptr);
	}
}

/*
 * Sleep for 'delay' seconds.
 */
static void DelaySecs(int delay)
{
        if (rank == 0 && delay > 0) {
                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_1)
                        fprintf(stdout, "delaying %d seconds . . .\n", delay);
                sleep(delay);
        }
}

/*
 * Display freespace (df).
 */
static void DisplayFreespace(IOR_param_t * test)
{
        char fileName[MAX_STR] = { 0 };
        int i;
        int directoryFound = FALSE;

        /* get outfile name */
        GetTestFileName(fileName, test);

        /* get directory for outfile */
        i = strlen(fileName);
        while (i-- > 0) {
                if (fileName[i] == '/') {
                        fileName[i] = '\0';
                        directoryFound = TRUE;
                        break;
                }
        }

        /* if no directory/, use '.' */
        if (directoryFound == FALSE) {
                strcpy(fileName, ".");
        }

        ShowFileSystemSize(fileName);

        return;
}

/*
 * Display usage of script file.
 */
static void DisplayUsage(char **argv)
{
        char *opts[] = {
                "OPTIONS:",
                " -a S  api --  API for I/O [POSIX|MPIIO|HDF5|NCMPI]",
                " -A N  testNum -- test number for reference in some output",
                " -b N  blockSize -- contiguous bytes to write per task  (e.g.: 8, 4k, 2m, 1g)",
                " -B    useO_DIRECT -- uses O_DIRECT for POSIX, bypassing I/O buffers",
                " -c    collective -- collective I/O",
                " -C    reorderTasks -- changes task ordering to n+1 ordering for readback",
                " -d N  interTestDelay -- delay between reps in seconds",
                " -D N  deadlineForStonewalling -- seconds before stopping write or read phase",
                " -e    fsync -- perform fsync upon POSIX write close",
                " -E    useExistingTestFile -- do not remove test file before write access",
                " -f S  scriptFile -- test script name",
                " -F    filePerProc -- file-per-process",
                " -g    intraTestBarriers -- use barriers between open, write/read, and close",
                " -G N  setTimeStampSignature -- set value for time stamp signature",
                " -h    showHelp -- displays options and help",
                " -H    showHints -- show hints",
                " -i N  repetitions -- number of repetitions of test",
                " -I    individualDataSets -- datasets not shared by all procs [not working]",
                " -j N  outlierThreshold -- warn on outlier N seconds from mean",
                " -J N  setAlignment -- HDF5 alignment in bytes (e.g.: 8, 4k, 2m, 1g)",
                " -k    keepFile -- don't remove the test file(s) on program exit",
                " -K    keepFileWithError  -- keep error-filled file(s) after data-checking",
                " -l    storeFileOffset -- use file offset as stored signature",
                " -m    multiFile -- use number of reps (-i) for multiple file count",
                " -n    noFill -- no fill in HDF5 file creation",
                " -N N  numTasks -- number of tasks that should participate in the test",
                " -o S  testFile -- full name for test",
                " -O S  string of IOR directives (e.g. -O checkRead=1,lustreStripeCount=32)",
                " -p    preallocate -- preallocate file size",
                " -P    useSharedFilePointer -- use shared file pointer [not working]",
                " -q    quitOnError -- during file error-checking, abort on error",
                " -Q N  taskPerNodeOffset for read tests use with -C & -Z options (-C constant N, -Z at least N)",
                " -r    readFile -- read existing file",
                " -R    checkRead -- check read after read",
                " -s N  segmentCount -- number of segments",
                " -S    useStridedDatatype -- put strided access into datatype [not working]",
                " -t N  transferSize -- size of transfer in bytes (e.g.: 8, 4k, 2m, 1g)",
                " -T N  maxTimeDuration -- max time in minutes for each test",
                " -u    uniqueDir -- use unique directory name for each file-per-process",
                " -U S  hintsFileName -- full name for hints file",
                " -v    verbose -- output information (repeating flag increases level)",
                " -V    useFileView -- use MPI_File_set_view",
                " -w    writeFile -- write file",
                " -W    checkWrite -- check read after write",
                " -x    singleXferAttempt -- do not retry transfer if incomplete",
                " -X N  reorderTasksRandomSeed -- random seed for -Z option",
                " -Y    fsyncPerWrite -- perform fsync after each POSIX write",
                " -z    randomOffset -- access is to random, not sequential, offsets within a file",
                " -Z    reorderTasksRandom -- changes task ordering to random ordering for readback",
                " ",
                "         NOTE: S is a string, N is an integer number.",
                " ",
                ""
        };
        int i = 0;

        fprintf(stdout, "Usage: %s [OPTIONS]\n\n", *argv);
        for (i = 0; strlen(opts[i]) > 0; i++)
                fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", opts[i]);

        return;
}

/*
 * Distribute IOR_HINTs to all tasks' environments.
 */
void DistributeHints(void)
{
        char hint[MAX_HINTS][MAX_STR], fullHint[MAX_STR], hintVariable[MAX_STR];
        int hintCount = 0, i;

        if (rank == 0) {
                for (i = 0; environ[i] != NULL; i++) {
                        if (strncmp(environ[i], "IOR_HINT", strlen("IOR_HINT"))
                            == 0) {
                                hintCount++;
                                if (hintCount == MAX_HINTS) {
                                        WARN("exceeded max hints; reset MAX_HINTS and recompile");
                                        hintCount = MAX_HINTS;
                                        break;
                                }
                                /* assume no IOR_HINT is greater than MAX_STR in length */
                                strncpy(hint[hintCount - 1], environ[i],
                                        MAX_STR - 1);
                        }
                }
        }

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Bcast(&hintCount, sizeof(hintCount), MPI_BYTE,
                            0, MPI_COMM_WORLD), "cannot broadcast hints");
        for (i = 0; i < hintCount; i++) {
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Bcast(&hint[i], MAX_STR, MPI_BYTE,
                                    0, MPI_COMM_WORLD),
                          "cannot broadcast hints");
                strcpy(fullHint, hint[i]);
                strcpy(hintVariable, strtok(fullHint, "="));
                if (getenv(hintVariable) == NULL) {
                        /* doesn't exist in this task's environment; better set it */
                        if (putenv(hint[i]) != 0)
                                WARN("cannot set environment variable");
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Fill buffer, which is transfer size bytes long, with known 8-byte long long
 * int values.  In even-numbered 8-byte long long ints, store MPI task in high
 * bits and timestamp signature in low bits.  In odd-numbered 8-byte long long
 * ints, store transfer offset.  If storeFileOffset option is used, the file
 * (not transfer) offset is stored instead.
 */
static void
FillBuffer(void *buffer,
           IOR_param_t * test, unsigned long long offset, int fillrank)
{
        size_t i;
        unsigned long long hi, lo;
        unsigned long long *buf = (unsigned long long *)buffer;

        hi = ((unsigned long long)fillrank) << 32;
        lo = (unsigned long long)test->timeStampSignatureValue;
        for (i = 0; i < test->transferSize / sizeof(unsigned long long); i++) {
                if ((i % 2) == 0) {
                        /* evens contain MPI rank and time in seconds */
                        buf[i] = hi | lo;
                } else {
                        /* odds contain offset */
                        buf[i] = offset + (i * sizeof(unsigned long long));
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Return string describing machine name and type.
 */
void GetPlatformName(char *platformName)
{
        char nodeName[MAX_STR], *p, *start, sysName[MAX_STR];
        struct utsname name;

        if (uname(&name) != 0) {
                EWARN("cannot get platform name");
                sprintf(sysName, "%s", "Unknown");
                sprintf(nodeName, "%s", "Unknown");
        } else {
                sprintf(sysName, "%s", name.sysname);
                sprintf(nodeName, "%s", name.nodename);
        }

        start = nodeName;
        if (strlen(nodeName) == 0) {
                p = start;
        } else {
                /* point to one character back from '\0' */
                p = start + strlen(nodeName) - 1;
        }
        /*
         * to cut off trailing node number, search backwards
         * for the first non-numeric character
         */
        while (p != start) {
                if (*p < '0' || *p > '9') {
                        *(p + 1) = '\0';
                        break;
                } else {
                        p--;
                }
        }

        sprintf(platformName, "%s(%s)", nodeName, sysName);
}

/*
 * Return test file name to access.
 * for single shared file, fileNames[0] is returned in testFileName
 */
static void GetTestFileName(char *testFileName, IOR_param_t * test)
{
        char **fileNames,
            initialTestFileName[MAXPATHLEN],
            testFileNameRoot[MAX_STR], tmpString[MAX_STR];
        int count;

        /* parse filename for multiple file systems */
        strcpy(initialTestFileName, test->testFileName);
        fileNames = ParseFileName(initialTestFileName, &count);
        if (count > 1 && test->uniqueDir == TRUE)
                ERR("cannot use multiple file names with unique directories");
        if (test->filePerProc) {
                strcpy(testFileNameRoot,
                       fileNames[((rank +
                                   rankOffset) % test->numTasks) % count]);
        } else {
                strcpy(testFileNameRoot, fileNames[0]);
        }

        /* give unique name if using multiple files */
        if (test->filePerProc) {
                /*
                 * prepend rank subdirectory before filename
                 * e.g., /dir/file => /dir/<rank>/file
                 */
                if (test->uniqueDir == TRUE) {
                        strcpy(testFileNameRoot,
                               PrependDir(test, testFileNameRoot));
                }
                sprintf(testFileName, "%s.%08d", testFileNameRoot,
                        (rank + rankOffset) % test->numTasks);
        } else {
                strcpy(testFileName, testFileNameRoot);
        }

        /* add suffix for multiple files */
        if (test->repCounter > -1) {
                sprintf(tmpString, ".%d", test->repCounter);
                strcat(testFileName, tmpString);
        }
}

/*
 * Get time stamp.  Use MPI_Timer() unless _NO_MPI_TIMER is defined,
 * in which case use gettimeofday().
 */
static double GetTimeStamp(void)
{
        double timeVal;
#ifdef _NO_MPI_TIMER
        struct timeval timer;

        if (gettimeofday(&timer, (struct timezone *)NULL) != 0)
                ERR("cannot use gettimeofday()");
        timeVal = (double)timer.tv_sec + ((double)timer.tv_usec / 1000000);
#else                           /* not _NO_MPI_TIMER */
        timeVal = MPI_Wtime();  /* no MPI_CHECK(), just check return value */
        if (timeVal < 0)
                ERR("cannot use MPI_Wtime()");
#endif                          /* _NO_MPI_TIMER */

        /* wall_clock_delta is difference from root node's time */
        timeVal -= wall_clock_delta;

        return (timeVal);
}

/*
 * Convert IOR_offset_t value to human readable string.
 */
static char *HumanReadable(IOR_offset_t value, int base)
{
        char *valueStr;
        int m = 0, g = 0;
        char m_str[8], g_str[8];

        valueStr = (char *)malloc(MAX_STR);
        if (valueStr == NULL)
                ERR("out of memory");

        if (base == BASE_TWO) {
                m = MEBIBYTE;
                g = GIBIBYTE;
                strcpy(m_str, "MiB");
                strcpy(g_str, "GiB");
        } else if (base == BASE_TEN) {
                m = MEGABYTE;
                g = GIGABYTE;
                strcpy(m_str, "MB");
                strcpy(g_str, "GB");
        }

        if (value >= g) {
                if (value % (IOR_offset_t) g) {
                        sprintf(valueStr, "%.2f %s",
                                (double)((double)value / g), g_str);
                } else {
                        sprintf(valueStr, "%d %s", (int)(value / g), g_str);
                }
        } else if (value >= m) {
                if (value % (IOR_offset_t) m) {
                        sprintf(valueStr, "%.2f %s",
                                (double)((double)value / m), m_str);
                } else {
                        sprintf(valueStr, "%d %s", (int)(value / m), m_str);
                }
        } else if (value >= 0) {
                sprintf(valueStr, "%d bytes", (int)value);
        } else {
                sprintf(valueStr, "-");
        }
        return valueStr;
}

/*
 * Parse file name.
 */
static char **ParseFileName(char *name, int *count)
{
        char **fileNames, *tmp, *token;
        char delimiterString[3] = { FILENAME_DELIMITER, '\n', '\0' };
        int i = 0;

        *count = 0;
        tmp = name;

        /* pass one */
        /* if something there, count the first item */
        if (*tmp != '\0') {
                (*count)++;
        }
        /* count the rest of the filenames */
        while (*tmp != '\0') {
                if (*tmp == FILENAME_DELIMITER) {
                        (*count)++;
                }
                tmp++;
        }

        fileNames = (char **)malloc((*count) * sizeof(char **));
        if (fileNames == NULL)
                ERR("out of memory");

        /* pass two */
        token = strtok(name, delimiterString);
        while (token != NULL) {
                fileNames[i] = token;
                token = strtok(NULL, delimiterString);
                i++;
        }
        return (fileNames);
}

/*
 * Pretty Print a Double.  The First parameter is a flag determining if left
 * justification should be used.  The third parameter a null-terminated string
 * that should be appended to the number field.
 */
static void PPDouble(int leftjustify, double number, char *append)
{
        char format[16];
        int width = 10;
        int precision;

        if (number < 0) {
                fprintf(stdout, "   -      %s", append);
                return;
        }

        if (number < 1)
                precision = 6;
        else if (number < 3600)
                precision = 2;
        else
                precision = 0;

        sprintf(format, "%%%s%d.%df%%s",
                leftjustify ? "-" : "",
                width, precision);

        printf(format, number, append);
}

/*
 * From absolute directory, insert rank as subdirectory.  Allows each task
 * to write to its own directory.  E.g., /dir/file => /dir/<rank>/file.
 */
static char *PrependDir(IOR_param_t * test, char *rootDir)
{
        char *dir;
        char fname[MAX_STR + 1];
        char *p;
        int i;

        dir = (char *)malloc(MAX_STR + 1);
        if (dir == NULL)
                ERR("out of memory");

        /* get dir name */
        strcpy(dir, rootDir);
        i = strlen(dir) - 1;
        while (i > 0) {
                if (dir[i] == '\0' || dir[i] == '/') {
                        dir[i] = '/';
                        dir[i + 1] = '\0';
                        break;
                }
                i--;
        }

        /* get file name */
        strcpy(fname, rootDir);
        p = fname;
        while (i > 0) {
                if (fname[i] == '\0' || fname[i] == '/') {
                        p = fname + (i + 1);
                        break;
                }
                i--;
        }

        /* create directory with rank as subdirectory */
        sprintf(dir, "%s%d", dir, (rank + rankOffset) % test->numTasks);

        /* dir doesn't exist, so create */
        if (access(dir, F_OK) != 0) {
                if (mkdir(dir, S_IRWXU) < 0) {
                        ERR("cannot create directory");
                }

                /* check if correct permissions */
        } else if (access(dir, R_OK) != 0 || access(dir, W_OK) != 0 ||
                   access(dir, X_OK) != 0) {
                ERR("invalid directory permissions");
        }

        /* concatenate dir and file names */
        strcat(dir, "/");
        strcat(dir, p);

        return dir;
}

/*
 * Read and then reread buffer to confirm data read twice matches.
 */
static void
ReadCheck(void *fd,
          void *buffer,
          void *checkBuffer,
          void *readCheckBuffer,
          IOR_param_t *params,
          IOR_offset_t transfer,
          IOR_offset_t blockSize,
          IOR_offset_t *amtXferred,
          IOR_offset_t *transferCount, int access, int *errors)
{
        int readCheckToRank;
        int readCheckFromRank;
        MPI_Status status;
        IOR_offset_t tmpOffset;
        IOR_offset_t segmentSize;
        IOR_offset_t segmentNum;

        memset(buffer, 'a', transfer);
        *amtXferred = backend->xfer(access, fd, buffer, transfer, params);
        tmpOffset = params->offset;
        if (params->filePerProc == FALSE) {
                /* offset changes for shared file, not for file-per-proc */
                segmentSize = params->numTasks * blockSize;
                segmentNum = params->offset / segmentSize;

                /* work in current segment */
                params->offset = (((params->offset % segmentSize)
                                 /* offset to neighbor's data */
                                 + ((params->reorderTasks ?
                                     params->tasksPerNode : 0) * blockSize))
                                /* stay within current segment */
                                % segmentSize)
                    /* return segment to actual file offset */
                    + (segmentNum * segmentSize);
        }
        if (*amtXferred != transfer)
                ERR("cannot read from file on read check");
        memset(checkBuffer, 'a', transfer);     /* empty buffer */
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
        if (params->filePerProc) {
                *amtXferred = backend->xfer(access, params->fd_fppReadCheck,
                                            checkBuffer, transfer, params);
        } else {
                *amtXferred =
                    backend->xfer(access, fd, checkBuffer, transfer, params);
        }
        params->offset = tmpOffset;
        if (*amtXferred != transfer)
                ERR("cannot reread from file read check");
        (*transferCount)++;
        /* exchange buffers */
        memset(readCheckBuffer, 'a', transfer);
        readCheckToRank = (rank + (params->reorderTasks ? params->tasksPerNode : 0))
            % params->numTasks;
        readCheckFromRank = (rank + (params->numTasks
                                     -
                                     (params->
                                      reorderTasks ? params->tasksPerNode : 0)))
            % params->numTasks;
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
        MPI_Sendrecv(checkBuffer, transfer, MPI_CHAR, readCheckToRank, 1,
                     readCheckBuffer, transfer, MPI_CHAR, readCheckFromRank, 1,
                     testComm, &status);
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
        *errors += CompareBuffers(buffer, readCheckBuffer, transfer,
                                  *transferCount, params, READCHECK);
        return;
}

/******************************************************************************/
/*
 * Reduce test results, and show if verbose set.
 */

static void ReduceIterResults(IOR_test_t *test, double **timer, int rep,
                              int access)
{
        double reduced[12] = { 0 };
	double diff[6];
	double *diff_subset;
	double totalTime;
	double bw;
        enum { RIGHT, LEFT };
        int i;
        MPI_Op op;

	assert(access == WRITE || access == READ);

        /* Find the minimum start time of the even numbered timers, and the
           maximum finish time for the odd numbered timers */
        for (i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
                op = i % 2 ? MPI_MAX : MPI_MIN;
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Reduce(&timer[i][rep], &reduced[i], 1, MPI_DOUBLE,
                                     op, 0, testComm), "MPI_Reduce()");
        }

        if (rank != 0) {
		/* Only rank 0 tallies and prints the results. */
		return;
	}

	/* Calculate elapsed times and throughput numbers */
	for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
		diff[i] = reduced[2 * i + 1] - reduced[2 * i];
	}
	if (access == WRITE) {
		totalTime = reduced[5] - reduced[0];
		test->results->writeTime[rep] = totalTime;
		diff_subset = &diff[0];
	} else { /* READ */
		totalTime = reduced[11] - reduced[6];
		test->results->readTime[rep] = totalTime;
		diff_subset = &diff[3];
	}

        if (verbose < VERBOSE_0) {
		return;
	}

	fprintf(stdout, "%-10s", access == WRITE ? "write" : "read");
	bw = (double)test->results->aggFileSizeForBW[rep] / totalTime;
	PPDouble(LEFT, bw / MEBIBYTE, " ");
	PPDouble(LEFT, (double)test->params.blockSize / KIBIBYTE, " ");
	PPDouble(LEFT, (double)test->params.transferSize / KIBIBYTE, " ");
	PPDouble(LEFT, diff_subset[0], " ");
	PPDouble(LEFT, diff_subset[1], " ");
	PPDouble(LEFT, diff_subset[2], " ");
	PPDouble(LEFT, totalTime, " ");
	fprintf(stdout, "%-4d\n", rep);

	fflush(stdout);
}

static void PrintRemoveTiming(double start, double finish, int rep)
{
        if (rank != 0)
		return;

        printf("remove    -          -          -          -          -          -          ");
        PPDouble(1, finish-start, " ");
        printf("%-4d\n", rep);
}

/*
 * Check for file(s), then remove all files if file-per-proc, else single file.
 */
static void RemoveFile(char *testFileName, int filePerProc, IOR_param_t * test)
{
        int tmpRankOffset;
        if (filePerProc) {
                /* in random tasks, delete own file */
                if (test->reorderTasksRandom == TRUE) {
                        tmpRankOffset = rankOffset;
                        rankOffset = 0;
                        GetTestFileName(testFileName, test);
                }
                if (access(testFileName, F_OK) == 0) {
                        backend->delete(testFileName, test);
                }
                if (test->reorderTasksRandom == TRUE) {
                        rankOffset = tmpRankOffset;
                        GetTestFileName(testFileName, test);
                }
        } else {
                if ((rank == 0) && (access(testFileName, F_OK) == 0)) {
                        backend->delete(testFileName, test);
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Determine any spread (range) between node times.
 */
static double TimeDeviation(void)
{
        double timestamp;
        double min = 0;
        double max = 0;
        double roottimestamp;

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD), "barrier error");
        timestamp = GetTimeStamp();
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Reduce(&timestamp, &min, 1, MPI_DOUBLE,
                             MPI_MIN, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD),
                  "cannot reduce tasks' times");
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Reduce(&timestamp, &max, 1, MPI_DOUBLE,
                             MPI_MAX, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD),
                  "cannot reduce tasks' times");

        /* delta between individual nodes' time and root node's time */
        roottimestamp = timestamp;
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Bcast(&roottimestamp, 1, MPI_DOUBLE, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD),
                  "cannot broadcast root's time");
        wall_clock_delta = timestamp - roottimestamp;

        return max - min;
}

/*
 * Setup tests by parsing commandline and creating test script.
 */
static IOR_test_t *SetupTests(int argc, char **argv)
{
        IOR_test_t *tests, *testsHead;

        /* count the tasks per node */
        tasksPerNode = CountTasksPerNode(numTasksWorld, MPI_COMM_WORLD);

        testsHead = tests = ParseCommandLine(argc, argv);
        /*
         * Since there is no guarantee that anyone other than
         * task 0 has the environment settings for the hints, pass
         * the hint=value pair to everyone else in MPI_COMM_WORLD
         */
        DistributeHints();

        /* check validity of tests and create test queue */
        while (tests != NULL) {
                ValidTests(&tests->params);
                tests = tests->next;
        }

        /* check for skew between tasks' start times */
        wall_clock_deviation = TimeDeviation();

        /* seed random number generator */
        SeedRandGen(MPI_COMM_WORLD);

        return (testsHead);
}

/*
 * Setup transfer buffers, creating and filling as needed.
 */
static void XferBuffersSetup(void **buffer, void **checkBuffer,
                             void **readCheckBuffer, int access,
                             IOR_param_t * test, int pretendRank)
{
        *buffer = aligned_buffer_alloc(test->transferSize);
        FillBuffer(*buffer, test, 0, pretendRank);
        if (access == WRITECHECK || access == READCHECK) {
                *checkBuffer = aligned_buffer_alloc(test->transferSize);
        }
        if (access == READCHECK) {
                *readCheckBuffer = aligned_buffer_alloc(test->transferSize);
        }

        return;
}

/*
 * Free transfer buffers.
 */
static void XferBuffersFree(void *buffer, void *checkBuffer,
                            void *readCheckBuffer, int access)
{
        aligned_buffer_free(buffer);
        if (access == WRITECHECK || access == READCHECK) {
                aligned_buffer_free(checkBuffer);
        }
        if (access == READCHECK) {
                aligned_buffer_free(readCheckBuffer);
        }

        return;
}

static void PrintHeader(int argc, char **argv)
{
        struct utsname unamebuf;
	int i;

	if (rank != 0)
		return;

	printf("IOR-" META_VERSION ": MPI Coordinated Test of Parallel I/O\n");
	printf("\n");

        fprintf(stdout, "Began: %s", CurrentTimeString());
        fprintf(stdout, "Command line used:");
        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
                fprintf(stdout, " %s", argv[i]);
        }
        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
        if (uname(&unamebuf) != 0) {
                EWARN("uname failed");
                fprintf(stdout, "Machine: Unknown");
        } else {
                fprintf(stdout, "Machine: %s %s", unamebuf.sysname,
                        unamebuf.nodename);
                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2) {
                        fprintf(stdout, " %s %s %s", unamebuf.release,
                                unamebuf.version, unamebuf.machine);
                }
        }
	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
#ifdef _NO_MPI_TIMER
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2)
                fprintf(stdout, "Using unsynchronized POSIX timer\n");
#else                           /* not _NO_MPI_TIMER */
        if (MPI_WTIME_IS_GLOBAL) {
                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2)
                        fprintf(stdout, "Using synchronized MPI timer\n");
        } else {
                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2)
                        fprintf(stdout, "Using unsynchronized MPI timer\n");
        }
#endif                          /* _NO_MPI_TIMER */
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                fprintf(stdout, "Start time skew across all tasks: %.02f sec\n",
                        wall_clock_deviation);
        }
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3) {     /* show env */
                fprintf(stdout, "STARTING ENVIRON LOOP\n");
                for (i = 0; environ[i] != NULL; i++) {
                        fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", environ[i]);
                }
                fprintf(stdout, "ENDING ENVIRON LOOP\n");
        }
	fflush(stdout);
}

/*
 * Print header information for test output.
 */
static void ShowTestInfo(IOR_param_t *params)
{
	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
        fprintf(stdout, "Test %d started: %s", params->id, CurrentTimeString());
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                /* if pvfs2:, then skip */
                if (Regex(params->testFileName, "^[a-z][a-z].*:") == 0) {
                        DisplayFreespace(params);
                }
        }
        fflush(stdout);
}

/*
 * Show simple test output with max results for iterations.
 */
static void ShowSetup(IOR_param_t *params)
{

        if (strcmp(params->debug, "") != 0) {
                printf("\n*** DEBUG MODE ***\n");
                printf("*** %s ***\n\n", params->debug);
        }
        printf("Summary:\n");
        printf("\tapi                = %s\n", params->apiVersion);
        printf("\ttest filename      = %s\n", params->testFileName);
        printf("\taccess             = ");
	printf(params->filePerProc ? "file-per-process" : "single-shared-file");
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_1 && strcmp(params->api, "POSIX") != 0) {
                printf(params->collective == FALSE ? ", independent" : ", collective");
        }
        printf("\n");
        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                if (params->segmentCount > 1) {
                        fprintf(stdout,
                                "\tpattern            = strided (%d segments)\n",
                                (int)params->segmentCount);
                } else {
                        fprintf(stdout,
                                "\tpattern            = segmented (1 segment)\n");
                }
        }
        printf("\tordering in a file =");
        if (params->randomOffset == FALSE) {
                printf(" sequential offsets\n");
        } else {
                printf(" random offsets\n");
        }
        printf("\tordering inter file=");
        if (params->reorderTasks == FALSE && params->reorderTasksRandom == FALSE) {
                printf(" no tasks offsets\n");
        }
        if (params->reorderTasks == TRUE) {
                printf(" constant task offsets = %d\n",
                        params->taskPerNodeOffset);
        }
        if (params->reorderTasksRandom == TRUE) {
                printf(" random task offsets >= %d, seed=%d\n",
                        params->taskPerNodeOffset, params->reorderTasksRandomSeed);
        }
        printf("\tclients            = %d (%d per node)\n",
                params->numTasks, params->tasksPerNode);
        if (params->memoryPerTask != 0)
                printf("\tmemoryPerTask      = %s\n",
                       HumanReadable(params->memoryPerTask, BASE_TWO));
        if (params->memoryPerNode != 0)
                printf("\tmemoryPerNode      = %s\n",
                       HumanReadable(params->memoryPerNode, BASE_TWO));
        printf("\trepetitions        = %d\n", params->repetitions);
        printf("\txfersize           = %s\n",
                HumanReadable(params->transferSize, BASE_TWO));
        printf("\tblocksize          = %s\n",
                HumanReadable(params->blockSize, BASE_TWO));
        printf("\taggregate filesize = %s\n",
                HumanReadable(params->expectedAggFileSize, BASE_TWO));
#ifdef HAVE_LUSTRE_LUSTRE_USER_H
        printf("\tLustre stripe size = %s\n",
                ((params->lustre_stripe_size == 0) ? "Use default" :
                 HumanReadable(params->lustre_stripe_size, BASE_TWO)));
        if (params->lustre_stripe_count == 0) {
                printf("\t      stripe count = %s\n", "Use default");
        } else {
                printf("\t      stripe count = %d\n",
                        params->lustre_stripe_count);
        }
#endif                          /* HAVE_LUSTRE_LUSTRE_USER_H */
        if (params->deadlineForStonewalling > 0) {
                printf("\tUsing stonewalling = %d second(s)\n",
                        params->deadlineForStonewalling);
        }
        fflush(stdout);
}

/*
 * Show test description.
 */
static void ShowTest(IOR_param_t * test)
{
        fprintf(stdout, "TEST:\t%s=%d\n", "id", test->id);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "testnum", test->TestNum);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%s\n", "api", test->api);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%s\n", "platform", test->platform);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%s\n", "testFileName", test->testFileName);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%s\n", "hintsFileName", test->hintsFileName);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "deadlineForStonewall",
                test->deadlineForStonewalling);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "maxTimeDuration", test->maxTimeDuration);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "outlierThreshold",
                test->outlierThreshold);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%s\n", "options", test->options);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "nodes", test->nodes);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%lu\n", "memoryPerTask", (unsigned long) test->memoryPerTask);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%lu\n", "memoryPerNode", (unsigned long) test->memoryPerNode);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "tasksPerNode", tasksPerNode);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "repetitions", test->repetitions);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "multiFile", test->multiFile);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "interTestDelay", test->interTestDelay);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "fsync", test->fsync);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "fsYncperwrite", test->fsyncPerWrite);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "useExistingTestFile",
                test->useExistingTestFile);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "showHints", test->showHints);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "uniqueDir", test->uniqueDir);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "showHelp", test->showHelp);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "individualDataSets",
                test->individualDataSets);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "singleXferAttempt",
                test->singleXferAttempt);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "readFile", test->readFile);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "writeFile", test->writeFile);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "filePerProc", test->filePerProc);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "reorderTasks", test->reorderTasks);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "reorderTasksRandom",
                test->reorderTasksRandom);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "reorderTasksRandomSeed",
                test->reorderTasksRandomSeed);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "randomOffset", test->randomOffset);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "checkWrite", test->checkWrite);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "checkRead", test->checkRead);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "preallocate", test->preallocate);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "useFileView", test->useFileView);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%lld\n", "setAlignment", test->setAlignment);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "storeFileOffset", test->storeFileOffset);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "useSharedFilePointer",
                test->useSharedFilePointer);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "useO_DIRECT", test->useO_DIRECT);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "useStridedDatatype",
                test->useStridedDatatype);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "keepFile", test->keepFile);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "keepFileWithError",
                test->keepFileWithError);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "quitOnError", test->quitOnError);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "verbose", verbose);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "setTimeStampSignature",
                test->setTimeStampSignature);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%d\n", "collective", test->collective);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%lld", "segmentCount", test->segmentCount);
        if (strcmp(test->api, "HDF5") == 0) {
                fprintf(stdout, " (datasets)");
        }
        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%lld\n", "transferSize", test->transferSize);
        fprintf(stdout, "\t%s=%lld\n", "blockSize", test->blockSize);
}

static double mean_of_array_of_doubles(double *values, int len)
{
	double tot = 0.0;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		tot += values[i];
	}

	return tot / len;
}

struct results {
	double min;
	double max;
	double mean;
	double var;
	double sd;
	double sum;
	double *val;
};

static struct results *bw_values(int reps, IOR_offset_t *agg_file_size, double *vals)
{
	struct results *r;
	int i;

	r = (struct results *)malloc(sizeof(struct results)
				     + (reps * sizeof(double)));
	if (r == NULL)
		ERR("malloc failed");
	r->val = (double *)&r[1];

	for (i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
		r->val[i] = (double)agg_file_size[i] / vals[i];
		if (i == 0) {
			r->min = r->val[i];
			r->max = r->val[i];
			r->sum = 0.0;
		}
		r->min = MIN(r->min, r->val[i]);
		r->max = MAX(r->max, r->val[i]);
		r->sum += r->val[i];
	}
	r->mean = r->sum / reps;
	r->var = 0.0;
	for (i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
		r->var += pow((r->mean - r->val[i]), 2);
	}
	r->var = r->var / reps;
	r->sd = sqrt(r->var);

	return r;
}

/*
 * Summarize results, showing max rates (and min, mean, stddev if verbose)
 */
static void PrintSummaryOneOperation(IOR_test_t *test, double *times, char *operation)
{
	IOR_param_t *params = &test->params;
	IOR_results_t *results = test->results;
	struct results *bw;
	int reps;
	
        if (rank != 0)
		return;

	reps = params->repetitions;

	bw = bw_values(reps, results->aggFileSizeForBW, times);

        fprintf(stdout, "%-9s ", operation);
        fprintf(stdout, "%10.2f ", bw->max / MEBIBYTE);
        fprintf(stdout, "%10.2f ", bw->min / MEBIBYTE);
        fprintf(stdout, "%10.2f ", bw->mean / MEBIBYTE);
        fprintf(stdout, "%10.2f ", bw->sd / MEBIBYTE);
        fprintf(stdout, "%10.5f ",
                mean_of_array_of_doubles(times, reps));
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->numTasks);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->tasksPerNode);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->repetitions);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->filePerProc);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->reorderTasks);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->taskPerNodeOffset);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->reorderTasksRandom);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->reorderTasksRandomSeed);
        fprintf(stdout, "%lld ", params->segmentCount);
        fprintf(stdout, "%lld ", params->blockSize);
        fprintf(stdout, "%lld ", params->transferSize);
        fprintf(stdout, "%lld ", results->aggFileSizeForBW[0]);
        fprintf(stdout, "%d ", params->TestNum);
        fprintf(stdout, "%s", params->api);
        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	fflush(stdout);

	free(bw);
}

static void PrintSummaryAllTests(IOR_test_t *tests_head)
{
	IOR_param_t *params = &tests_head->params;
	IOR_results_t *results = tests_head->results;
        IOR_test_t *tptr;

	if (rank !=0)
		return;

	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	fprintf(stdout, "Summary of all tests:");
	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	fprintf(stdout, "%-9s %10s %10s %10s %10s %10s",
                "Operation", "Max(MiB)", "Min(MiB)", "Mean(MiB)", "StdDev",
		"Mean(s)");
        fprintf(stdout, " #Tasks tPN reps fPP reord reordoff reordrand seed"
                " segcnt blksiz xsize aggsize TestNum API\n");

	for (tptr = tests_head; tptr != NULL; tptr = tptr->next) {
                if (params->writeFile)
                        PrintSummaryOneOperation(tptr, results->writeTime, "write");
                if (params->readFile)
                        PrintSummaryOneOperation(tptr, results->readTime, "read");
	}
}

static void PrintShortSummary(IOR_test_t * test)
{
	IOR_param_t *params = &test->params;
	IOR_results_t *results = test->results;
	double max_write = 0.0;
	double max_read = 0.0;
	double bw;
	int reps;
	int i;
	
	if (rank != 0 || verbose < VERBOSE_0)
		return;

	reps = params->repetitions;

	max_write = results->writeTime[0];
	max_read = results->readTime[0];
	for (i = 0; i < reps; i++) {
		bw = (double)results->aggFileSizeForBW[i]/results->writeTime[i];
		max_write = MAX(bw, max_write);
		bw = (double)results->aggFileSizeForBW[i]/results->readTime[i];
		max_read = MAX(bw, max_read);
	}

	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	if (params->writeFile) {
		fprintf(stdout, "Max Write: %.2f MiB/sec (%.2f MB/sec)\n",
			max_write/MEBIBYTE, max_write/MEGABYTE);
	}
	if (params->readFile) {
		fprintf(stdout, "Max Read:  %.2f MiB/sec (%.2f MB/sec)\n",
			max_read/MEBIBYTE, max_read/MEGABYTE);
	}
}

/*
 * malloc a buffer, touching every page in an attempt to defeat lazy allocation.
 */
static void *malloc_and_touch(size_t size)
{
        size_t page_size;
        char *buf;
        char *ptr;

        if (size == 0)
                return NULL;

	page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);

        buf = (char *)malloc(size);
        if (buf == NULL)
                return NULL;

        for (ptr = buf; ptr < buf+size; ptr += page_size) {
                *ptr = (char)1;
        }

        return (void *)buf;
}

static void file_hits_histogram(IOR_param_t *params)
{
	int *rankoffs;
	int *filecont;
	int *filehits;
	int ifile;
	int jfile;

	if (rank == 0) {
		rankoffs = (int *)malloc(params->numTasks * sizeof(int));
		filecont = (int *)malloc(params->numTasks * sizeof(int));
		filehits = (int *)malloc(params->numTasks * sizeof(int));
	}

	MPI_CHECK(MPI_Gather(&rankOffset, 1, MPI_INT, rankoffs,
			     1, MPI_INT, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD),
		  "MPI_Gather error");

	if (rank != 0)
		return;

	memset((void *)filecont, 0, params->numTasks * sizeof(int));
	for (ifile = 0; ifile < params->numTasks; ifile++) {
		filecont[(ifile + rankoffs[ifile]) % params->numTasks]++;
	}
	memset((void *)filehits, 0, params->numTasks * sizeof(int));
	for (ifile = 0; ifile < params->numTasks; ifile++)
		for (jfile = 0; jfile < params->numTasks; jfile++) {
			if (ifile == filecont[jfile])
				filehits[ifile]++;
		}
	fprintf(stdout, "#File Hits Dist:");
	jfile = 0;
	ifile = 0;
	while (jfile < params->numTasks && ifile < params->numTasks) {
		fprintf(stdout, " %d", filehits[ifile]);
		jfile += filehits[ifile], ifile++;
	}
	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
	free(rankoffs);
	free(filecont);
	free(filehits);
}


int test_time_elapsed(IOR_param_t *params, double startTime)
{
	double endTime;

	if (params->maxTimeDuration == 0)
		return 0;

	endTime = startTime + (params->maxTimeDuration * 60);

	return GetTimeStamp() >= endTime;
}

/*
 * hog some memory as a rough simulation of a real application's memory use
 */
static void *HogMemory(IOR_param_t *params)
{
        size_t size;
        void *buf;

        if (params->memoryPerTask != 0) {
                size = params->memoryPerTask;
        } else if (params->memoryPerNode != 0) {
                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3)
                        fprintf(stderr, "This node hogging %ld bytes of memory\n",
                                params->memoryPerNode);
                size = params->memoryPerNode / params->tasksPerNode;
        } else {
                return NULL;
        }

        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3)
                fprintf(stderr, "This task hogging %ld bytes of memory\n", size);

        buf = malloc_and_touch(size);
        if (buf == NULL)
                ERR("malloc of simulated applciation buffer failed");

        return buf;
}

/*
 * Using the test parameters, run iteration(s) of single test.
 */
static void TestIoSys(IOR_test_t *test)
{
	IOR_param_t *params = &test->params;
	IOR_results_t *results = test->results;
        char testFileName[MAX_STR];
        double *timer[12];
        double startTime;
        int i, rep;
        void *fd;
        MPI_Group orig_group, new_group;
        int range[3];
        IOR_offset_t dataMoved; /* for data rate calculation */
        void *hog_buf;

        /* set up communicator for test */
        if (params->numTasks > numTasksWorld) {
                if (rank == 0) {
                        fprintf(stdout,
                                "WARNING: More tasks requested (%d) than available (%d),",
                                params->numTasks, numTasksWorld);
                        fprintf(stdout, "         running on %d tasks.\n",
                                numTasksWorld);
                }
                params->numTasks = numTasksWorld;
        }
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Comm_group(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &orig_group),
                  "MPI_Comm_group() error");
        range[0] = 0;           /* first rank */
        range[1] = params->numTasks - 1;  /* last rank */
        range[2] = 1;           /* stride */
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Group_range_incl(orig_group, 1, &range, &new_group),
                  "MPI_Group_range_incl() error");
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Comm_create(MPI_COMM_WORLD, new_group, &testComm),
                  "MPI_Comm_create() error");
        params->testComm = testComm;
        if (testComm == MPI_COMM_NULL) {
                /* tasks not in the group do not participate in this test */
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD), "barrier error");
                return;
        }
        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                fprintf(stdout, "Participating tasks: %d\n", params->numTasks);
                fflush(stdout);
        }
        if (rank == 0 && params->reorderTasks == TRUE && verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                fprintf(stdout,
                        "Using reorderTasks '-C' (expecting block, not cyclic, task assignment)\n");
                fflush(stdout);
        }
        params->tasksPerNode = CountTasksPerNode(params->numTasks, testComm);

        /* setup timers */
        for (i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
                timer[i] = (double *)malloc(params->repetitions * sizeof(double));
                if (timer[i] == NULL)
                        ERR("malloc failed");
        }

        /* bind I/O calls to specific API */
        AioriBind(params->api);

        /* show test setup */
        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_0)
                ShowSetup(params);

        hog_buf = HogMemory(params);

        startTime = GetTimeStamp();

        /* loop over test iterations */
        for (rep = 0; rep < params->repetitions; rep++) {

                /* Get iteration start time in seconds in task 0 and broadcast to
                   all tasks */
                if (rank == 0) {
                        if (params->setTimeStampSignature) {
                                params->timeStampSignatureValue =
                                    (unsigned int)params->setTimeStampSignature;
                        } else {
                                time_t currentTime;
                                if ((currentTime = time(NULL)) == -1) {
                                        ERR("cannot get current time");
                                }
                                params->timeStampSignatureValue =
                                    (unsigned int)currentTime;
                        }
                        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2) {
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "Using Time Stamp %u (0x%x) for Data Signature\n",
                                        params->timeStampSignatureValue,
                                        params->timeStampSignatureValue);
                        }
			if (rep == 0) {
				fprintf(stdout, "\n");
				fprintf(stdout, "access    bw(MiB/s)  block(KiB) xfer(KiB)  open(s)    wr/rd(s)   close(s)   total(s)   iter\n");
				fprintf(stdout, "------    ---------  ---------- ---------  --------   --------   --------   --------   ----\n");
			}
                }
                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Bcast
                          (&params->timeStampSignatureValue, 1, MPI_UNSIGNED, 0,
                           testComm), "cannot broadcast start time value");
                /* use repetition count for number of multiple files */
                if (params->multiFile)
                        params->repCounter = rep;

                /*
                 * write the file(s), getting timing between I/O calls
                 */

                if (params->writeFile && !test_time_elapsed(params, startTime)) {
                        GetTestFileName(testFileName, params);
                        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3) {
                                fprintf(stdout, "task %d writing %s\n", rank,
                                        testFileName);
                        }
                        DelaySecs(params->interTestDelay);
                        if (params->useExistingTestFile == FALSE) {
                                RemoveFile(testFileName, params->filePerProc,
                                           params);
                        }
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        params->open = WRITE;
                        timer[0][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        fd = backend->create(testFileName, params);
                        timer[1][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        if (params->intraTestBarriers)
                                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm),
                                          "barrier error");
                        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        "Commencing write performance test: %s",
					CurrentTimeString());
                        }
                        timer[2][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        dataMoved = WriteOrRead(params, fd, WRITE);
                        timer[3][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        if (params->intraTestBarriers)
                                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm),
                                          "barrier error");
                        timer[4][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        backend->close(fd, params);

                        timer[5][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");

			/* get the size of the file just written */
			results->aggFileSizeFromStat[rep] =
				backend->get_file_size(params, testComm, testFileName);

			/* check if stat() of file doesn't equal expected file size,
			   use actual amount of byte moved */
			CheckFileSize(test, dataMoved, rep);

                        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3)
                                WriteTimes(params, timer, rep, WRITE);
                        ReduceIterResults(test, timer, rep, WRITE);
                        if (params->outlierThreshold) {
                                CheckForOutliers(params, timer, rep, WRITE);
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * perform a check of data, reading back data and comparing
                 * against what was expected to be written
                 */
                if (params->checkWrite && !test_time_elapsed(params, startTime)) {
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                                fprintf(stdout,
                                        "Verifying contents of the file(s) just written.\n");
                                fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", CurrentTimeString());
                        }
                        if (params->reorderTasks) {
                                /* move two nodes away from writing node */
                                rankOffset =
                                    (2 * params->tasksPerNode) % params->numTasks;
                        }
                        GetTestFileName(testFileName, params);
                        params->open = WRITECHECK;
                        fd = backend->open(testFileName, params);
                        dataMoved = WriteOrRead(params, fd, WRITECHECK);
                        backend->close(fd, params);
                        rankOffset = 0;
                }
                /*
                 * read the file(s), getting timing between I/O calls
                 */
                if (params->readFile && !test_time_elapsed(params, startTime)) {
                        /* Get rankOffset [file offset] for this process to read, based on -C,-Z,-Q,-X options */
                        /* Constant process offset reading */
                        if (params->reorderTasks) {
                                /* move taskPerNodeOffset nodes[1==default] away from writing node */
                                rankOffset =
                                    (params->taskPerNodeOffset *
                                     params->tasksPerNode) % params->numTasks;
                        }
                        /* random process offset reading */
                        if (params->reorderTasksRandom) {
                                /* this should not intefere with randomOffset within a file because GetOffsetArrayRandom */
                                /* seeds every random() call  */
				int nodeoffset;
                                unsigned int iseed0;
                                nodeoffset = params->taskPerNodeOffset;
                                nodeoffset = (nodeoffset < params->nodes) ? nodeoffset : params->nodes - 1;
                                if (params->reorderTasksRandomSeed < 0)
					iseed0 = -1 * params->reorderTasksRandomSeed + rep;
				else
					iseed0 = params->reorderTasksRandomSeed;
                                srand(rank + iseed0);
                                {
                                        rankOffset = rand() % params->numTasks;
                                }
                                while (rankOffset <
                                       (nodeoffset * params->tasksPerNode)) {
                                        rankOffset = rand() % params->numTasks;
                                }
                                /* Get more detailed stats if requested by verbose level */
                                if (verbose >= VERBOSE_2) {
					file_hits_histogram(params);
                                }
                        }
                        /* Using globally passed rankOffset, following function generates testFileName to read */
                        GetTestFileName(testFileName, params);

                        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3) {
                                fprintf(stdout, "task %d reading %s\n", rank,
                                        testFileName);
                        }
                        DelaySecs(params->interTestDelay);
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        params->open = READ;
                        timer[6][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        fd = backend->open(testFileName, params);
                        timer[7][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        if (params->intraTestBarriers)
                                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm),
                                          "barrier error");
                        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        "Commencing read performance test: %s",
					CurrentTimeString());
                        }
                        timer[8][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        dataMoved = WriteOrRead(params, fd, READ);
                        timer[9][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        if (params->intraTestBarriers)
                                MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm),
                                          "barrier error");
                        timer[10][rep] = GetTimeStamp();
                        backend->close(fd, params);
                        timer[11][rep] = GetTimeStamp();

                        /* get the size of the file just read */
                        results->aggFileSizeFromStat[rep] =
                            backend->get_file_size(params, testComm,
                                                   testFileName);

                        /* check if stat() of file doesn't equal expected file size,
                           use actual amount of byte moved */
                        CheckFileSize(test, dataMoved, rep);

                        if (verbose >= VERBOSE_3)
                                WriteTimes(params, timer, rep, READ);
                        ReduceIterResults(test, timer, rep, READ);
                        if (params->outlierThreshold) {
                                CheckForOutliers(params, timer, rep, READ);
                        }
                }

                /* end readFile test */
                /*
                 * perform a check of data, reading back data twice and
                 * comparing against what was expected to be read
                 */
                if (params->checkRead && !test_time_elapsed(params, startTime)) {
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        if (rank == 0 && verbose >= VERBOSE_1) {
                                fprintf(stdout, "Re-reading the file(s) twice to ");
                                fprintf(stdout, "verify that reads are consistent.\n");
                                fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", CurrentTimeString());
                        }
                        if (params->reorderTasks) {
                                /* move three nodes away from reading node */
                                rankOffset = (3 * params->tasksPerNode) % params->numTasks;
                        }
                        GetTestFileName(testFileName, params);
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        params->open = READCHECK;
                        fd = backend->open(testFileName, params);
                        if (params->filePerProc) {
                                int tmpRankOffset;
                                tmpRankOffset = rankOffset;
                                /* increment rankOffset to open comparison file on other node */
                                if (params->reorderTasks) {
                                        /* move four nodes away from reading node */
                                        rankOffset = (4 * params->tasksPerNode) % params->numTasks;
                                }
                                GetTestFileName(params->testFileName_fppReadCheck, params);
                                rankOffset = tmpRankOffset;
                                params->fd_fppReadCheck = backend->open(params->testFileName_fppReadCheck, params);
                        }
                        dataMoved = WriteOrRead(params, fd, READCHECK);
                        if (params->filePerProc) {
                                backend->close(params->fd_fppReadCheck, params);
                                params->fd_fppReadCheck = NULL;
                        }
                        backend->close(fd, params);
                }
                if (!params->keepFile
                    && !(params->errorFound && params->keepFileWithError)) {
                        double start, finish;
                        start = GetTimeStamp();
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        RemoveFile(testFileName, params->filePerProc, params);
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                        finish = GetTimeStamp();
                        PrintRemoveTiming(start, finish, rep);
                } else {
                        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(testComm), "barrier error");
                }
                params->errorFound = FALSE;
                rankOffset = 0;
        }

        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Comm_free(&testComm), "MPI_Comm_free() error");

	PrintShortSummary(test);

	if (hog_buf != NULL)
		free(hog_buf);
        for (i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
                free(timer[i]);
        }

        /* Sync with the tasks that did not participate in this test */
        MPI_CHECK(MPI_Barrier(MPI_COMM_WORLD), "barrier error");

}

/*
 * Determine if valid tests from parameters.
 */
static void ValidTests(IOR_param_t * test)
{
        IOR_param_t defaults;

        init_IOR_Param_t(&defaults);
        /* get the version of the tests */
        AioriBind(test->api);
        backend->set_version(test);

        if (test->repetitions <= 0)
                WARN_RESET("too few test repetitions",
                           test, &defaults, repetitions);
        if (test->numTasks <= 0)
                ERR("too few tasks for testing");
        if (test->interTestDelay < 0)
                WARN_RESET("inter-test delay must be nonnegative value",
                           test, &defaults, interTestDelay);
        if (test->readFile != TRUE && test->writeFile != TRUE
            && test->checkRead != TRUE && test->checkWrite != TRUE)
                ERR("test must write, read, or check file");
        if ((test->deadlineForStonewalling > 0)
            && (test->checkWrite == TRUE || test->checkRead == TRUE))
                ERR("can not perform write or read check with stonewalling");
        if (test->segmentCount < 0)
                ERR("segment count must be positive value");
        if ((test->blockSize % sizeof(IOR_size_t)) != 0)
                ERR("block size must be a multiple of access size");
        if (test->blockSize < 0)
                ERR("block size must be non-negative integer");
        if ((test->transferSize % sizeof(IOR_size_t)) != 0)
                ERR("transfer size must be a multiple of access size");
        if (test->setAlignment < 0)
                ERR("alignment must be non-negative integer");
        if (test->transferSize < 0)
                ERR("transfer size must be non-negative integer");
        if (test->transferSize == 0) {
                ERR("test will not complete with zero transfer size");
        } else {
                if ((test->blockSize % test->transferSize) != 0)
                        ERR("block size must be a multiple of transfer size");
        }
        if (test->blockSize < test->transferSize)
                ERR("block size must not be smaller than transfer size");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") == 0)
            && (test->blockSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)
                || test->transferSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)))
                ERR("block/transfer size may not be smaller than IOR_size_t for MPIIO");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "HDF5") == 0)
            && (test->blockSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)
                || test->transferSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)))
                ERR("block/transfer size may not be smaller than IOR_size_t for HDF5");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "NCMPI") == 0)
            && (test->blockSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)
                || test->transferSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)))
                ERR("block/transfer size may not be smaller than IOR_size_t for NCMPI");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "NCMPI") == 0)
            && ((test->numTasks * test->blockSize * test->segmentCount)
                > (2 * (IOR_offset_t) GIBIBYTE)))
                ERR("file size must be < 2GiB");
        if ((test->useFileView == TRUE)
            && (sizeof(MPI_Aint) < 8)   /* used for 64-bit datatypes */
            &&((test->numTasks * test->blockSize) >
               (2 * (IOR_offset_t) GIBIBYTE)))
                ERR("segment size must be < 2GiB");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "POSIX") != 0) && test->singleXferAttempt)
                WARN_RESET("retry only available in POSIX",
                           test, &defaults, singleXferAttempt);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "POSIX") != 0) && test->fsync)
                WARN_RESET("fsync() only available in POSIX",
                           test, &defaults, fsync);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") != 0) && test->preallocate)
                WARN_RESET("preallocation only available in MPIIO",
                           test, &defaults, preallocate);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") != 0) && test->useFileView)
                WARN_RESET("file view only available in MPIIO",
                           test, &defaults, useFileView);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") != 0) && test->useSharedFilePointer)
                WARN_RESET("shared file pointer only available in MPIIO",
                           test, &defaults, useSharedFilePointer);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") == 0) && test->useSharedFilePointer)
                WARN_RESET("shared file pointer not implemented",
                           test, &defaults, useSharedFilePointer);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") != 0) && test->useStridedDatatype)
                WARN_RESET("strided datatype only available in MPIIO",
                           test, &defaults, useStridedDatatype);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") == 0) && test->useStridedDatatype)
                WARN_RESET("strided datatype not implemented",
                           test, &defaults, useStridedDatatype);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") == 0)
            && test->useStridedDatatype && (test->blockSize < sizeof(IOR_size_t)
                                            || test->transferSize <
                                            sizeof(IOR_size_t)))
                ERR("need larger file size for strided datatype in MPIIO");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "POSIX") == 0) && test->showHints)
                WARN_RESET("hints not available in POSIX",
                           test, &defaults, showHints);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "POSIX") == 0) && test->collective)
                WARN_RESET("collective not available in POSIX",
                           test, &defaults, collective);
        if (test->reorderTasks == TRUE && test->reorderTasksRandom == TRUE)
                ERR("Both Constant and Random task re-ordering specified. Choose one and resubmit");
        if (test->randomOffset && test->reorderTasksRandom
            && test->filePerProc == FALSE)
                ERR("random offset and random reorder tasks specified with single-shared-file. Choose one and resubmit");
        if (test->randomOffset && test->reorderTasks
            && test->filePerProc == FALSE)
                ERR("random offset and constant reorder tasks specified with single-shared-file. Choose one and resubmit");
        if (test->randomOffset && test->checkRead)
                ERR("random offset not available with read check option (use write check)");
        if (test->randomOffset && test->storeFileOffset)
                ERR("random offset not available with store file offset option)");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") == 0) && test->randomOffset
            && test->collective)
                ERR("random offset not available with collective MPIIO");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "MPIIO") == 0) && test->randomOffset
            && test->useFileView)
                ERR("random offset not available with MPIIO fileviews");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "HDF5") == 0) && test->randomOffset)
                ERR("random offset not available with HDF5");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "NCMPI") == 0) && test->randomOffset)
                ERR("random offset not available with NCMPI");
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "HDF5") != 0) && test->individualDataSets)
                WARN_RESET("individual datasets only available in HDF5",
                           test, &defaults, individualDataSets);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "HDF5") == 0) && test->individualDataSets)
                WARN_RESET("individual data sets not implemented",
                           test, &defaults, individualDataSets);
        if ((strcmp(test->api, "NCMPI") == 0) && test->filePerProc)
                ERR("file-per-proc not available in current NCMPI");
        if (test->noFill) {
                if (strcmp(test->api, "HDF5") != 0) {
                        ERR("'no fill' option only available in HDF5");
                } else {
                        /* check if hdf5 available */
#if defined (H5_VERS_MAJOR) && defined (H5_VERS_MINOR)
                        /* no-fill option not available until hdf5-1.6.x */
#if (H5_VERS_MAJOR > 0 && H5_VERS_MINOR > 5)
                        ;
#else
                        char errorString[MAX_STR];
                        sprintf(errorString,
                                "'no fill' option not available in %s",
                                test->apiVersion);
                        ERR(errorString);
#endif
#else
                        WARN("unable to determine HDF5 version for 'no fill' usage");
#endif
                }
        }
        if (test->useExistingTestFile && test->lustre_set_striping)
                ERR("Lustre stripe options are incompatible with useExistingTestFile");
}

static IOR_offset_t *GetOffsetArraySequential(IOR_param_t * test,
                                              int pretendRank)
{
        IOR_offset_t i, j, k = 0;
        IOR_offset_t offsets;
        IOR_offset_t *offsetArray;

        /* count needed offsets */
        offsets = (test->blockSize / test->transferSize) * test->segmentCount;

        /* setup empty array */
        offsetArray =
            (IOR_offset_t *) malloc((offsets + 1) * sizeof(IOR_offset_t));
        if (offsetArray == NULL)
                ERR("malloc() failed");
        offsetArray[offsets] = -1;      /* set last offset with -1 */

        /* fill with offsets */
        for (i = 0; i < test->segmentCount; i++) {
                for (j = 0; j < (test->blockSize / test->transferSize); j++) {
                        offsetArray[k] = j * test->transferSize;
                        if (test->filePerProc) {
                                offsetArray[k] += i * test->blockSize;
                        } else {
                                offsetArray[k] +=
                                    (i * test->numTasks * test->blockSize)
                                    + (pretendRank * test->blockSize);
                        }
                        k++;
                }
        }

        return (offsetArray);
}

static IOR_offset_t *GetOffsetArrayRandom(IOR_param_t * test, int pretendRank,
                                          int access)
{
        int seed;
        IOR_offset_t i, value, tmp;
        IOR_offset_t offsets = 0;
        IOR_offset_t offsetCnt = 0;
        IOR_offset_t fileSize;
        IOR_offset_t *offsetArray;

        /* set up seed for random() */
        if (access == WRITE || access == READ) {
                test->randomSeed = seed = random();
        } else {
                seed = test->randomSeed;
        }
        srandom(seed);

        fileSize = test->blockSize * test->segmentCount;
        if (test->filePerProc == FALSE) {
                fileSize *= test->numTasks;
        }

        /* count needed offsets (pass 1) */
        for (i = 0; i < fileSize; i += test->transferSize) {
                if (test->filePerProc == FALSE) {
                        if ((random() % test->numTasks) == pretendRank) {
                                offsets++;
                        }
                } else {
                        offsets++;
                }
        }

        /* setup empty array */
        offsetArray =
            (IOR_offset_t *) malloc((offsets + 1) * sizeof(IOR_offset_t));
        if (offsetArray == NULL)
                ERR("malloc() failed");
        offsetArray[offsets] = -1;      /* set last offset with -1 */

        if (test->filePerProc) {
                /* fill array */
                for (i = 0; i < offsets; i++) {
                        offsetArray[i] = i * test->transferSize;
                }
        } else {
                /* fill with offsets (pass 2) */
                srandom(seed);  /* need same seed */
                for (i = 0; i < fileSize; i += test->transferSize) {
                        if ((random() % test->numTasks) == pretendRank) {
                                offsetArray[offsetCnt] = i;
                                offsetCnt++;
                        }
                }
        }
        /* reorder array */
        for (i = 0; i < offsets; i++) {
                value = random() % offsets;
                tmp = offsetArray[value];
                offsetArray[value] = offsetArray[i];
                offsetArray[i] = tmp;
        }
        SeedRandGen(test->testComm);    /* synchronize seeds across tasks */

        return (offsetArray);
}

/*
 * Write or Read data to file(s).  This loops through the strides, writing
 * out the data to each block in transfer sizes, until the remainder left is 0.
 */
static IOR_offset_t WriteOrRead(IOR_param_t * test, void *fd, int access)
{
        int errors = 0;
        IOR_offset_t amtXferred;
        IOR_offset_t transfer;
        IOR_offset_t transferCount = 0;
        IOR_offset_t pairCnt = 0;
        IOR_offset_t *offsetArray;
        int pretendRank;
        void *buffer = NULL;
        void *checkBuffer = NULL;
        void *readCheckBuffer = NULL;
        IOR_offset_t dataMoved = 0;     /* for data rate calculation */
        double startForStonewall;
        int hitStonewall;

        /* initialize values */
        pretendRank = (rank + rankOffset) % test->numTasks;

        if (test->randomOffset) {
                offsetArray = GetOffsetArrayRandom(test, pretendRank, access);
        } else {
                offsetArray = GetOffsetArraySequential(test, pretendRank);
        }

        XferBuffersSetup(&buffer, &checkBuffer, &readCheckBuffer,
                         access, test, pretendRank);

        /* check for stonewall */
        startForStonewall = GetTimeStamp();
        hitStonewall = ((test->deadlineForStonewalling != 0)
                        && ((GetTimeStamp() - startForStonewall)
                            > test->deadlineForStonewalling));

        /* loop over offsets to access */
        while ((offsetArray[pairCnt] != -1) && !hitStonewall) {
                test->offset = offsetArray[pairCnt];
                /*
                 * fills each transfer with a unique pattern
                 * containing the offset into the file
                 */
                if (test->storeFileOffset == TRUE) {
                        FillBuffer(buffer, test, test->offset, pretendRank);
                }
                transfer = test->transferSize;
                if (access == WRITE) {
                        amtXferred =
                            backend->xfer(access, fd, buffer, transfer, test);
                        if (amtXferred != transfer)
                                ERR("cannot write to file");
                } else if (access == READ) {
                        amtXferred =
                            backend->xfer(access, fd, buffer, transfer, test);
                        if (amtXferred != transfer)
                                ERR("cannot read from file");
                } else if (access == WRITECHECK) {
                        memset(checkBuffer, 'a', transfer);
                        amtXferred =
                            backend->xfer(access, fd, checkBuffer, transfer,
                                          test);
                        if (amtXferred != transfer)
                                ERR("cannot read from file write check");
                        transferCount++;
                        errors += CompareBuffers(buffer, checkBuffer, transfer,
                                                 transferCount, test,
                                                 WRITECHECK);
                } else if (access == READCHECK) {
                        ReadCheck(fd, buffer, checkBuffer, readCheckBuffer,
                                  test, transfer, test->blockSize, &amtXferred,
                                  &transferCount, access, &errors);
                }
                dataMoved += amtXferred;
                pairCnt++;

                hitStonewall = ((test->deadlineForStonewalling != 0)
                                && ((GetTimeStamp() - startForStonewall)
                                    > test->deadlineForStonewalling));
        }

        totalErrorCount += CountErrors(test, access, errors);

        XferBuffersFree(buffer, checkBuffer, readCheckBuffer, access);

        free(offsetArray);

        if (access == WRITE && test->fsync == TRUE) {
                backend->fsync(fd, test);       /*fsync after all accesses */
        }
        return (dataMoved);
}

/*
 * Write times taken during each iteration of the test.
 */
static void
WriteTimes(IOR_param_t * test, double **timer, int iteration, int writeOrRead)
{
        char accessType[MAX_STR];
        char timerName[MAX_STR];
        int i, start, stop;

        if (writeOrRead == WRITE) {
                start = 0;
                stop = 6;
                strcpy(accessType, "WRITE");
        } else if (writeOrRead == READ) {
                start = 6;
                stop = 12;
                strcpy(accessType, "READ");
        } else {
                ERR("incorrect WRITE/READ option");
        }

        for (i = start; i < stop; i++) {
                switch (i) {
                case 0:
                        strcpy(timerName, "write open start");
                        break;
                case 1:
                        strcpy(timerName, "write open stop");
                        break;
                case 2:
                        strcpy(timerName, "write start");
                        break;
                case 3:
                        strcpy(timerName, "write stop");
                        break;
                case 4:
                        strcpy(timerName, "write close start");
                        break;
                case 5:
                        strcpy(timerName, "write close stop");
                        break;
                case 6:
                        strcpy(timerName, "read open start");
                        break;
                case 7:
                        strcpy(timerName, "read open stop");
                        break;
                case 8:
                        strcpy(timerName, "read start");
                        break;
                case 9:
                        strcpy(timerName, "read stop");
                        break;
                case 10:
                        strcpy(timerName, "read close start");
                        break;
                case 11:
                        strcpy(timerName, "read close stop");
                        break;
                default:
                        strcpy(timerName, "invalid timer");
                        break;
                }
                fprintf(stdout, "Test %d: Iter=%d, Task=%d, Time=%f, %s\n",
                        test->id, iteration, (int)rank, timer[i][iteration],
                        timerName);
        }
}