diff --git a/tools/virtiofsd/passthrough_ll.c b/tools/virtiofsd/passthrough_ll.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1a605691a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/virtiofsd/passthrough_ll.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1338 @@
+/*
+  FUSE: Filesystem in Userspace
+  Copyright (C) 2001-2007  Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
+
+  This program can be distributed under the terms of the GNU GPLv2.
+  See the file COPYING.
+*/
+
+/** @file
+ *
+ * This file system mirrors the existing file system hierarchy of the
+ * system, starting at the root file system. This is implemented by
+ * just "passing through" all requests to the corresponding user-space
+ * libc functions. In contrast to passthrough.c and passthrough_fh.c,
+ * this implementation uses the low-level API. Its performance should
+ * be the least bad among the three, but many operations are not
+ * implemented. In particular, it is not possible to remove files (or
+ * directories) because the code necessary to defer actual removal
+ * until the file is not opened anymore would make the example much
+ * more complicated.
+ *
+ * When writeback caching is enabled (-o writeback mount option), it
+ * is only possible to write to files for which the mounting user has
+ * read permissions. This is because the writeback cache requires the
+ * kernel to be able to issue read requests for all files (which the
+ * passthrough filesystem cannot satisfy if it can't read the file in
+ * the underlying filesystem).
+ *
+ * Compile with:
+ *
+ *     gcc -Wall passthrough_ll.c `pkg-config fuse3 --cflags --libs` -o passthrough_ll
+ *
+ * ## Source code ##
+ * \include passthrough_ll.c
+ */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#define FUSE_USE_VERSION 31
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include <fuse_lowlevel.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <sys/xattr.h>
+
+#include "passthrough_helpers.h"
+
+/* We are re-using pointers to our `struct lo_inode` and `struct
+   lo_dirp` elements as inodes. This means that we must be able to
+   store uintptr_t values in a fuse_ino_t variable. The following
+   incantation checks this condition at compile time. */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ > 4 || __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 6) && !defined __cplusplus
+_Static_assert(sizeof(fuse_ino_t) >= sizeof(uintptr_t),
+	       "fuse_ino_t too small to hold uintptr_t values!");
+#else
+struct _uintptr_to_must_hold_fuse_ino_t_dummy_struct \
+	{ unsigned _uintptr_to_must_hold_fuse_ino_t:
+			((sizeof(fuse_ino_t) >= sizeof(uintptr_t)) ? 1 : -1); };
+#endif
+
+struct lo_inode {
+	struct lo_inode *next; /* protected by lo->mutex */
+	struct lo_inode *prev; /* protected by lo->mutex */
+	int fd;
+	bool is_symlink;
+	ino_t ino;
+	dev_t dev;
+	uint64_t refcount; /* protected by lo->mutex */
+};
+
+enum {
+	CACHE_NEVER,
+	CACHE_NORMAL,
+	CACHE_ALWAYS,
+};
+
+struct lo_data {
+	pthread_mutex_t mutex;
+	int debug;
+	int writeback;
+	int flock;
+	int xattr;
+	const char *source;
+	double timeout;
+	int cache;
+	int timeout_set;
+	struct lo_inode root; /* protected by lo->mutex */
+};
+
+static const struct fuse_opt lo_opts[] = {
+	{ "writeback",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, writeback), 1 },
+	{ "no_writeback",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, writeback), 0 },
+	{ "source=%s",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, source), 0 },
+	{ "flock",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, flock), 1 },
+	{ "no_flock",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, flock), 0 },
+	{ "xattr",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, xattr), 1 },
+	{ "no_xattr",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, xattr), 0 },
+	{ "timeout=%lf",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, timeout), 0 },
+	{ "timeout=",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, timeout_set), 1 },
+	{ "cache=never",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, cache), CACHE_NEVER },
+	{ "cache=auto",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, cache), CACHE_NORMAL },
+	{ "cache=always",
+	  offsetof(struct lo_data, cache), CACHE_ALWAYS },
+
+	FUSE_OPT_END
+};
+
+static struct lo_data *lo_data(fuse_req_t req)
+{
+	return (struct lo_data *) fuse_req_userdata(req);
+}
+
+static struct lo_inode *lo_inode(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino)
+{
+	if (ino == FUSE_ROOT_ID)
+		return &lo_data(req)->root;
+	else
+		return (struct lo_inode *) (uintptr_t) ino;
+}
+
+static int lo_fd(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino)
+{
+	return lo_inode(req, ino)->fd;
+}
+
+static bool lo_debug(fuse_req_t req)
+{
+	return lo_data(req)->debug != 0;
+}
+
+static void lo_init(void *userdata,
+		    struct fuse_conn_info *conn)
+{
+	struct lo_data *lo = (struct lo_data*) userdata;
+
+	if(conn->capable & FUSE_CAP_EXPORT_SUPPORT)
+		conn->want |= FUSE_CAP_EXPORT_SUPPORT;
+
+	if (lo->writeback &&
+	    conn->capable & FUSE_CAP_WRITEBACK_CACHE) {
+		if (lo->debug)
+			fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_init: activating writeback\n");
+		conn->want |= FUSE_CAP_WRITEBACK_CACHE;
+	}
+	if (lo->flock && conn->capable & FUSE_CAP_FLOCK_LOCKS) {
+		if (lo->debug)
+			fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_init: activating flock locks\n");
+		conn->want |= FUSE_CAP_FLOCK_LOCKS;
+	}
+}
+
+static void lo_getattr(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino,
+			     struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct stat buf;
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+
+	(void) fi;
+
+	res = fstatat(lo_fd(req, ino), "", &buf, AT_EMPTY_PATH | AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+	if (res == -1)
+		return (void) fuse_reply_err(req, errno);
+
+	fuse_reply_attr(req, &buf, lo->timeout);
+}
+
+static int utimensat_empty_nofollow(struct lo_inode *inode,
+				    const struct timespec *tv)
+{
+	int res;
+	char procname[64];
+
+	if (inode->is_symlink) {
+		res = utimensat(inode->fd, "", tv,
+				AT_EMPTY_PATH | AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+		if (res == -1 && errno == EINVAL) {
+			/* Sorry, no race free way to set times on symlink. */
+			errno = EPERM;
+		}
+		return res;
+	}
+	sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", inode->fd);
+
+	return utimensat(AT_FDCWD, procname, tv, 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_setattr(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct stat *attr,
+		       int valid, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int saverr;
+	char procname[64];
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+	int ifd = inode->fd;
+	int res;
+
+	if (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_MODE) {
+		if (fi) {
+			res = fchmod(fi->fh, attr->st_mode);
+		} else {
+			sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", ifd);
+			res = chmod(procname, attr->st_mode);
+		}
+		if (res == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+	}
+	if (valid & (FUSE_SET_ATTR_UID | FUSE_SET_ATTR_GID)) {
+		uid_t uid = (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_UID) ?
+			attr->st_uid : (uid_t) -1;
+		gid_t gid = (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_GID) ?
+			attr->st_gid : (gid_t) -1;
+
+		res = fchownat(ifd, "", uid, gid,
+			       AT_EMPTY_PATH | AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+		if (res == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+	}
+	if (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_SIZE) {
+		if (fi) {
+			res = ftruncate(fi->fh, attr->st_size);
+		} else {
+			sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", ifd);
+			res = truncate(procname, attr->st_size);
+		}
+		if (res == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+	}
+	if (valid & (FUSE_SET_ATTR_ATIME | FUSE_SET_ATTR_MTIME)) {
+		struct timespec tv[2];
+
+		tv[0].tv_sec = 0;
+		tv[1].tv_sec = 0;
+		tv[0].tv_nsec = UTIME_OMIT;
+		tv[1].tv_nsec = UTIME_OMIT;
+
+		if (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_ATIME_NOW)
+			tv[0].tv_nsec = UTIME_NOW;
+		else if (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_ATIME)
+			tv[0] = attr->st_atim;
+
+		if (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_MTIME_NOW)
+			tv[1].tv_nsec = UTIME_NOW;
+		else if (valid & FUSE_SET_ATTR_MTIME)
+			tv[1] = attr->st_mtim;
+
+		if (fi)
+			res = futimens(fi->fh, tv);
+		else
+			res = utimensat_empty_nofollow(inode, tv);
+		if (res == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+	}
+
+	return lo_getattr(req, ino, fi);
+
+out_err:
+	saverr = errno;
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+}
+
+static struct lo_inode *lo_find(struct lo_data *lo, struct stat *st)
+{
+	struct lo_inode *p;
+	struct lo_inode *ret = NULL;
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&lo->mutex);
+	for (p = lo->root.next; p != &lo->root; p = p->next) {
+		if (p->ino == st->st_ino && p->dev == st->st_dev) {
+			assert(p->refcount > 0);
+			ret = p;
+			ret->refcount++;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lo->mutex);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int lo_do_lookup(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name,
+			 struct fuse_entry_param *e)
+{
+	int newfd;
+	int res;
+	int saverr;
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+	struct lo_inode *inode;
+
+	memset(e, 0, sizeof(*e));
+	e->attr_timeout = lo->timeout;
+	e->entry_timeout = lo->timeout;
+
+	newfd = openat(lo_fd(req, parent), name, O_PATH | O_NOFOLLOW);
+	if (newfd == -1)
+		goto out_err;
+
+	res = fstatat(newfd, "", &e->attr, AT_EMPTY_PATH | AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+	if (res == -1)
+		goto out_err;
+
+	inode = lo_find(lo_data(req), &e->attr);
+	if (inode) {
+		close(newfd);
+		newfd = -1;
+	} else {
+		struct lo_inode *prev, *next;
+
+		saverr = ENOMEM;
+		inode = calloc(1, sizeof(struct lo_inode));
+		if (!inode)
+			goto out_err;
+
+		inode->is_symlink = S_ISLNK(e->attr.st_mode);
+		inode->refcount = 1;
+		inode->fd = newfd;
+		inode->ino = e->attr.st_ino;
+		inode->dev = e->attr.st_dev;
+
+		pthread_mutex_lock(&lo->mutex);
+		prev = &lo->root;
+		next = prev->next;
+		next->prev = inode;
+		inode->next = next;
+		inode->prev = prev;
+		prev->next = inode;
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lo->mutex);
+	}
+	e->ino = (uintptr_t) inode;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "  %lli/%s -> %lli\n",
+			(unsigned long long) parent, name, (unsigned long long) e->ino);
+
+	return 0;
+
+out_err:
+	saverr = errno;
+	if (newfd != -1)
+		close(newfd);
+	return saverr;
+}
+
+static void lo_lookup(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name)
+{
+	struct fuse_entry_param e;
+	int err;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_lookup(parent=%" PRIu64 ", name=%s)\n",
+			parent, name);
+
+	err = lo_do_lookup(req, parent, name, &e);
+	if (err)
+		fuse_reply_err(req, err);
+	else
+		fuse_reply_entry(req, &e);
+}
+
+static void lo_mknod_symlink(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent,
+			     const char *name, mode_t mode, dev_t rdev,
+			     const char *link)
+{
+	int res;
+	int saverr;
+	struct lo_inode *dir = lo_inode(req, parent);
+	struct fuse_entry_param e;
+
+	saverr = ENOMEM;
+
+	res = mknod_wrapper(dir->fd, name, link, mode, rdev);
+
+	saverr = errno;
+	if (res == -1)
+		goto out;
+
+	saverr = lo_do_lookup(req, parent, name, &e);
+	if (saverr)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "  %lli/%s -> %lli\n",
+			(unsigned long long) parent, name, (unsigned long long) e.ino);
+
+	fuse_reply_entry(req, &e);
+	return;
+
+out:
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+}
+
+static void lo_mknod(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent,
+		     const char *name, mode_t mode, dev_t rdev)
+{
+	lo_mknod_symlink(req, parent, name, mode, rdev, NULL);
+}
+
+static void lo_mkdir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name,
+		     mode_t mode)
+{
+	lo_mknod_symlink(req, parent, name, S_IFDIR | mode, 0, NULL);
+}
+
+static void lo_symlink(fuse_req_t req, const char *link,
+		       fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name)
+{
+	lo_mknod_symlink(req, parent, name, S_IFLNK, 0, link);
+}
+
+static int linkat_empty_nofollow(struct lo_inode *inode, int dfd,
+				 const char *name)
+{
+	int res;
+	char procname[64];
+
+	if (inode->is_symlink) {
+		res = linkat(inode->fd, "", dfd, name, AT_EMPTY_PATH);
+		if (res == -1 && (errno == ENOENT || errno == EINVAL)) {
+			/* Sorry, no race free way to hard-link a symlink. */
+			errno = EPERM;
+		}
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", inode->fd);
+
+	return linkat(AT_FDCWD, procname, dfd, name, AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
+}
+
+static void lo_link(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, fuse_ino_t parent,
+		    const char *name)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+	struct fuse_entry_param e;
+	int saverr;
+
+	memset(&e, 0, sizeof(struct fuse_entry_param));
+	e.attr_timeout = lo->timeout;
+	e.entry_timeout = lo->timeout;
+
+	res = linkat_empty_nofollow(inode, lo_fd(req, parent), name);
+	if (res == -1)
+		goto out_err;
+
+	res = fstatat(inode->fd, "", &e.attr, AT_EMPTY_PATH | AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
+	if (res == -1)
+		goto out_err;
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&lo->mutex);
+	inode->refcount++;
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&lo->mutex);
+	e.ino = (uintptr_t) inode;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "  %lli/%s -> %lli\n",
+			(unsigned long long) parent, name,
+			(unsigned long long) e.ino);
+
+	fuse_reply_entry(req, &e);
+	return;
+
+out_err:
+	saverr = errno;
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+}
+
+static void lo_rmdir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	res = unlinkat(lo_fd(req, parent), name, AT_REMOVEDIR);
+
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_rename(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name,
+		      fuse_ino_t newparent, const char *newname,
+		      unsigned int flags)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	if (flags) {
+		fuse_reply_err(req, EINVAL);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	res = renameat(lo_fd(req, parent), name,
+			lo_fd(req, newparent), newname);
+
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_unlink(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	res = unlinkat(lo_fd(req, parent), name, 0);
+
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void unref_inode(struct lo_data *lo, struct lo_inode *inode, uint64_t n)
+{
+	if (!inode)
+		return;
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&lo->mutex);
+	assert(inode->refcount >= n);
+	inode->refcount -= n;
+	if (!inode->refcount) {
+		struct lo_inode *prev, *next;
+
+		prev = inode->prev;
+		next = inode->next;
+		next->prev = prev;
+		prev->next = next;
+
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lo->mutex);
+		close(inode->fd);
+		free(inode);
+
+	} else {
+		pthread_mutex_unlock(&lo->mutex);
+	}
+}
+
+static void lo_forget_one(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, uint64_t nlookup)
+{
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+
+	if (lo_debug(req)) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "  forget %lli %lli -%lli\n",
+			(unsigned long long) ino,
+			(unsigned long long) inode->refcount,
+			(unsigned long long) nlookup);
+	}
+
+	unref_inode(lo, inode, nlookup);
+}
+
+static void lo_forget(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, uint64_t nlookup)
+{
+	lo_forget_one(req, ino, nlookup);
+	fuse_reply_none(req);
+}
+
+static void lo_forget_multi(fuse_req_t req, size_t count,
+				struct fuse_forget_data *forgets)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+		lo_forget_one(req, forgets[i].ino, forgets[i].nlookup);
+	fuse_reply_none(req);
+}
+
+static void lo_readlink(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino)
+{
+	char buf[PATH_MAX + 1];
+	int res;
+
+	res = readlinkat(lo_fd(req, ino), "", buf, sizeof(buf));
+	if (res == -1)
+		return (void) fuse_reply_err(req, errno);
+
+	if (res == sizeof(buf))
+		return (void) fuse_reply_err(req, ENAMETOOLONG);
+
+	buf[res] = '\0';
+
+	fuse_reply_readlink(req, buf);
+}
+
+struct lo_dirp {
+	DIR *dp;
+	struct dirent *entry;
+	off_t offset;
+};
+
+static struct lo_dirp *lo_dirp(struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	return (struct lo_dirp *) (uintptr_t) fi->fh;
+}
+
+static void lo_opendir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int error = ENOMEM;
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+	struct lo_dirp *d;
+	int fd;
+
+	d = calloc(1, sizeof(struct lo_dirp));
+	if (d == NULL)
+		goto out_err;
+
+	fd = openat(lo_fd(req, ino), ".", O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd == -1)
+		goto out_errno;
+
+	d->dp = fdopendir(fd);
+	if (d->dp == NULL)
+		goto out_errno;
+
+	d->offset = 0;
+	d->entry = NULL;
+
+	fi->fh = (uintptr_t) d;
+	if (lo->cache == CACHE_ALWAYS)
+		fi->keep_cache = 1;
+	fuse_reply_open(req, fi);
+	return;
+
+out_errno:
+	error = errno;
+out_err:
+	if (d) {
+		if (fd != -1)
+			close(fd);
+		free(d);
+	}
+	fuse_reply_err(req, error);
+}
+
+static int is_dot_or_dotdot(const char *name)
+{
+	return name[0] == '.' && (name[1] == '\0' ||
+				  (name[1] == '.' && name[2] == '\0'));
+}
+
+static void lo_do_readdir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, size_t size,
+			  off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi, int plus)
+{
+	struct lo_dirp *d = lo_dirp(fi);
+	char *buf;
+	char *p;
+	size_t rem = size;
+	int err;
+
+	(void) ino;
+
+	buf = calloc(1, size);
+	if (!buf) {
+		err = ENOMEM;
+		goto error;
+	}
+	p = buf;
+
+	if (offset != d->offset) {
+		seekdir(d->dp, offset);
+		d->entry = NULL;
+		d->offset = offset;
+	}
+	while (1) {
+		size_t entsize;
+		off_t nextoff;
+		const char *name;
+
+		if (!d->entry) {
+			errno = 0;
+			d->entry = readdir(d->dp);
+			if (!d->entry) {
+				if (errno) {  // Error
+					err = errno;
+					goto error;
+				} else {  // End of stream
+					break; 
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		nextoff = d->entry->d_off;
+		name = d->entry->d_name;
+		fuse_ino_t entry_ino = 0;
+		if (plus) {
+			struct fuse_entry_param e;
+			if (is_dot_or_dotdot(name)) {
+				e = (struct fuse_entry_param) {
+					.attr.st_ino = d->entry->d_ino,
+					.attr.st_mode = d->entry->d_type << 12,
+				};
+			} else {
+				err = lo_do_lookup(req, ino, name, &e);
+				if (err)
+					goto error;
+				entry_ino = e.ino;
+			}
+
+			entsize = fuse_add_direntry_plus(req, p, rem, name,
+							 &e, nextoff);
+		} else {
+			struct stat st = {
+				.st_ino = d->entry->d_ino,
+				.st_mode = d->entry->d_type << 12,
+			};
+			entsize = fuse_add_direntry(req, p, rem, name,
+						    &st, nextoff);
+		}
+		if (entsize > rem) {
+			if (entry_ino != 0) 
+				lo_forget_one(req, entry_ino, 1);
+			break;
+		}
+		
+		p += entsize;
+		rem -= entsize;
+
+		d->entry = NULL;
+		d->offset = nextoff;
+	}
+
+    err = 0;
+error:
+    // If there's an error, we can only signal it if we haven't stored
+    // any entries yet - otherwise we'd end up with wrong lookup
+    // counts for the entries that are already in the buffer. So we
+    // return what we've collected until that point.
+    if (err && rem == size)
+	    fuse_reply_err(req, err);
+    else
+	    fuse_reply_buf(req, buf, size - rem);
+    free(buf);
+}
+
+static void lo_readdir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, size_t size,
+		       off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	lo_do_readdir(req, ino, size, offset, fi, 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_readdirplus(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, size_t size,
+			   off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	lo_do_readdir(req, ino, size, offset, fi, 1);
+}
+
+static void lo_releasedir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	struct lo_dirp *d = lo_dirp(fi);
+	(void) ino;
+	closedir(d->dp);
+	free(d);
+	fuse_reply_err(req, 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_create(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t parent, const char *name,
+		      mode_t mode, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int fd;
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+	struct fuse_entry_param e;
+	int err;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_create(parent=%" PRIu64 ", name=%s)\n",
+			parent, name);
+
+	fd = openat(lo_fd(req, parent), name,
+		    (fi->flags | O_CREAT) & ~O_NOFOLLOW, mode);
+	if (fd == -1)
+		return (void) fuse_reply_err(req, errno);
+
+	fi->fh = fd;
+	if (lo->cache == CACHE_NEVER)
+		fi->direct_io = 1;
+	else if (lo->cache == CACHE_ALWAYS)
+		fi->keep_cache = 1;
+
+	err = lo_do_lookup(req, parent, name, &e);
+	if (err)
+		fuse_reply_err(req, err);
+	else
+		fuse_reply_create(req, &e, fi);
+}
+
+static void lo_fsyncdir(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, int datasync,
+			struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int res;
+	int fd = dirfd(lo_dirp(fi)->dp);
+	(void) ino;
+	if (datasync)
+		res = fdatasync(fd);
+	else
+		res = fsync(fd);
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_open(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int fd;
+	char buf[64];
+	struct lo_data *lo = lo_data(req);
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_open(ino=%" PRIu64 ", flags=%d)\n",
+			ino, fi->flags);
+
+	/* With writeback cache, kernel may send read requests even
+	   when userspace opened write-only */
+	if (lo->writeback && (fi->flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_WRONLY) {
+		fi->flags &= ~O_ACCMODE;
+		fi->flags |= O_RDWR;
+	}
+
+	/* With writeback cache, O_APPEND is handled by the kernel.
+	   This breaks atomicity (since the file may change in the
+	   underlying filesystem, so that the kernel's idea of the
+	   end of the file isn't accurate anymore). In this example,
+	   we just accept that. A more rigorous filesystem may want
+	   to return an error here */
+	if (lo->writeback && (fi->flags & O_APPEND))
+		fi->flags &= ~O_APPEND;
+
+	sprintf(buf, "/proc/self/fd/%i", lo_fd(req, ino));
+	fd = open(buf, fi->flags & ~O_NOFOLLOW);
+	if (fd == -1)
+		return (void) fuse_reply_err(req, errno);
+
+	fi->fh = fd;
+	if (lo->cache == CACHE_NEVER)
+		fi->direct_io = 1;
+	else if (lo->cache == CACHE_ALWAYS)
+		fi->keep_cache = 1;
+	fuse_reply_open(req, fi);
+}
+
+static void lo_release(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	(void) ino;
+
+	close(fi->fh);
+	fuse_reply_err(req, 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_flush(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int res;
+	(void) ino;
+	res = close(dup(fi->fh));
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_fsync(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, int datasync,
+		     struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int res;
+	(void) ino;
+	if (datasync)
+		res = fdatasync(fi->fh);
+	else
+		res = fsync(fi->fh);
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_read(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, size_t size,
+		    off_t offset, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	struct fuse_bufvec buf = FUSE_BUFVEC_INIT(size);
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_read(ino=%" PRIu64 ", size=%zd, "
+			"off=%lu)\n", ino, size, (unsigned long) offset);
+
+	buf.buf[0].flags = FUSE_BUF_IS_FD | FUSE_BUF_FD_SEEK;
+	buf.buf[0].fd = fi->fh;
+	buf.buf[0].pos = offset;
+
+	fuse_reply_data(req, &buf, FUSE_BUF_SPLICE_MOVE);
+}
+
+static void lo_write_buf(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino,
+			 struct fuse_bufvec *in_buf, off_t off,
+			 struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	(void) ino;
+	ssize_t res;
+	struct fuse_bufvec out_buf = FUSE_BUFVEC_INIT(fuse_buf_size(in_buf));
+
+	out_buf.buf[0].flags = FUSE_BUF_IS_FD | FUSE_BUF_FD_SEEK;
+	out_buf.buf[0].fd = fi->fh;
+	out_buf.buf[0].pos = off;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_write(ino=%" PRIu64 ", size=%zd, off=%lu)\n",
+			ino, out_buf.buf[0].size, (unsigned long) off);
+
+	res = fuse_buf_copy(&out_buf, in_buf, 0);
+	if(res < 0)
+		fuse_reply_err(req, -res);
+	else
+		fuse_reply_write(req, (size_t) res);
+}
+
+static void lo_statfs(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct statvfs stbuf;
+
+	res = fstatvfs(lo_fd(req, ino), &stbuf);
+	if (res == -1)
+		fuse_reply_err(req, errno);
+	else
+		fuse_reply_statfs(req, &stbuf);
+}
+
+static void lo_fallocate(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, int mode,
+			 off_t offset, off_t length, struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	int err = EOPNOTSUPP;
+	(void) ino;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FALLOCATE
+	err = fallocate(fi->fh, mode, offset, length);
+	if (err < 0)
+		err = errno;
+
+#elif defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE)
+	if (mode) {
+		fuse_reply_err(req, EOPNOTSUPP);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	err = posix_fallocate(fi->fh, offset, length);
+#endif
+
+	fuse_reply_err(req, err);
+}
+
+static void lo_flock(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, struct fuse_file_info *fi,
+		     int op)
+{
+	int res;
+	(void) ino;
+
+	res = flock(fi->fh, op);
+
+	fuse_reply_err(req, res == -1 ? errno : 0);
+}
+
+static void lo_getxattr(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, const char *name,
+			size_t size)
+{
+	char *value = NULL;
+	char procname[64];
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+	ssize_t ret;
+	int saverr;
+
+	saverr = ENOSYS;
+	if (!lo_data(req)->xattr)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req)) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_getxattr(ino=%" PRIu64 ", name=%s size=%zd)\n",
+			ino, name, size);
+	}
+
+	if (inode->is_symlink) {
+		/* Sorry, no race free way to getxattr on symlink. */
+		saverr = EPERM;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", inode->fd);
+
+	if (size) {
+		value = malloc(size);
+		if (!value)
+			goto out_err;
+
+		ret = getxattr(procname, name, value, size);
+		if (ret == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+		saverr = 0;
+		if (ret == 0)
+			goto out;
+
+		fuse_reply_buf(req, value, ret);
+	} else {
+		ret = getxattr(procname, name, NULL, 0);
+		if (ret == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+
+		fuse_reply_xattr(req, ret);
+	}
+out_free:
+	free(value);
+	return;
+
+out_err:
+	saverr = errno;
+out:
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+	goto out_free;
+}
+
+static void lo_listxattr(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, size_t size)
+{
+	char *value = NULL;
+	char procname[64];
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+	ssize_t ret;
+	int saverr;
+
+	saverr = ENOSYS;
+	if (!lo_data(req)->xattr)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req)) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_listxattr(ino=%" PRIu64 ", size=%zd)\n",
+			ino, size);
+	}
+
+	if (inode->is_symlink) {
+		/* Sorry, no race free way to listxattr on symlink. */
+		saverr = EPERM;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", inode->fd);
+
+	if (size) {
+		value = malloc(size);
+		if (!value)
+			goto out_err;
+
+		ret = listxattr(procname, value, size);
+		if (ret == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+		saverr = 0;
+		if (ret == 0)
+			goto out;
+
+		fuse_reply_buf(req, value, ret);
+	} else {
+		ret = listxattr(procname, NULL, 0);
+		if (ret == -1)
+			goto out_err;
+
+		fuse_reply_xattr(req, ret);
+	}
+out_free:
+	free(value);
+	return;
+
+out_err:
+	saverr = errno;
+out:
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+	goto out_free;
+}
+
+static void lo_setxattr(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, const char *name,
+			const char *value, size_t size, int flags)
+{
+	char procname[64];
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+	ssize_t ret;
+	int saverr;
+
+	saverr = ENOSYS;
+	if (!lo_data(req)->xattr)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req)) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_setxattr(ino=%" PRIu64 ", name=%s value=%s size=%zd)\n",
+			ino, name, value, size);
+	}
+
+	if (inode->is_symlink) {
+		/* Sorry, no race free way to setxattr on symlink. */
+		saverr = EPERM;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", inode->fd);
+
+	ret = setxattr(procname, name, value, size, flags);
+	saverr = ret == -1 ? errno : 0;
+
+out:
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+}
+
+static void lo_removexattr(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, const char *name)
+{
+	char procname[64];
+	struct lo_inode *inode = lo_inode(req, ino);
+	ssize_t ret;
+	int saverr;
+
+	saverr = ENOSYS;
+	if (!lo_data(req)->xattr)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req)) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_removexattr(ino=%" PRIu64 ", name=%s)\n",
+			ino, name);
+	}
+
+	if (inode->is_symlink) {
+		/* Sorry, no race free way to setxattr on symlink. */
+		saverr = EPERM;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	sprintf(procname, "/proc/self/fd/%i", inode->fd);
+
+	ret = removexattr(procname, name);
+	saverr = ret == -1 ? errno : 0;
+
+out:
+	fuse_reply_err(req, saverr);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+static void lo_copy_file_range(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino_in, off_t off_in,
+			       struct fuse_file_info *fi_in,
+			       fuse_ino_t ino_out, off_t off_out,
+			       struct fuse_file_info *fi_out, size_t len,
+			       int flags)
+{
+	ssize_t res;
+
+	if (lo_debug(req))
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_DEBUG, "lo_copy_file_range(ino=%" PRIu64 "/fd=%lu, "
+				"off=%lu, ino=%" PRIu64 "/fd=%lu, "
+				"off=%lu, size=%zd, flags=0x%x)\n",
+			ino_in, fi_in->fh, off_in, ino_out, fi_out->fh, off_out,
+			len, flags);
+
+	res = copy_file_range(fi_in->fh, &off_in, fi_out->fh, &off_out, len,
+			      flags);
+	if (res < 0)
+		fuse_reply_err(req, -errno);
+	else
+		fuse_reply_write(req, res);
+}
+#endif
+
+static void lo_lseek(fuse_req_t req, fuse_ino_t ino, off_t off, int whence,
+		     struct fuse_file_info *fi)
+{
+	off_t res;
+
+	(void)ino;
+	res = lseek(fi->fh, off, whence);
+	if (res != -1)
+		fuse_reply_lseek(req, res);
+	else
+		fuse_reply_err(req, errno);
+}
+
+static struct fuse_lowlevel_ops lo_oper = {
+	.init		= lo_init,
+	.lookup		= lo_lookup,
+	.mkdir		= lo_mkdir,
+	.mknod		= lo_mknod,
+	.symlink	= lo_symlink,
+	.link		= lo_link,
+	.unlink		= lo_unlink,
+	.rmdir		= lo_rmdir,
+	.rename		= lo_rename,
+	.forget		= lo_forget,
+	.forget_multi	= lo_forget_multi,
+	.getattr	= lo_getattr,
+	.setattr	= lo_setattr,
+	.readlink	= lo_readlink,
+	.opendir	= lo_opendir,
+	.readdir	= lo_readdir,
+	.readdirplus	= lo_readdirplus,
+	.releasedir	= lo_releasedir,
+	.fsyncdir	= lo_fsyncdir,
+	.create		= lo_create,
+	.open		= lo_open,
+	.release	= lo_release,
+	.flush		= lo_flush,
+	.fsync		= lo_fsync,
+	.read		= lo_read,
+	.write_buf      = lo_write_buf,
+	.statfs		= lo_statfs,
+	.fallocate	= lo_fallocate,
+	.flock		= lo_flock,
+	.getxattr	= lo_getxattr,
+	.listxattr	= lo_listxattr,
+	.setxattr	= lo_setxattr,
+	.removexattr	= lo_removexattr,
+#ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
+	.copy_file_range = lo_copy_file_range,
+#endif
+	.lseek		= lo_lseek,
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	struct fuse_args args = FUSE_ARGS_INIT(argc, argv);
+	struct fuse_session *se;
+	struct fuse_cmdline_opts opts;
+	struct lo_data lo = { .debug = 0,
+	                      .writeback = 0 };
+	int ret = -1;
+
+	/* Don't mask creation mode, kernel already did that */
+	umask(0);
+
+	pthread_mutex_init(&lo.mutex, NULL);
+	lo.root.next = lo.root.prev = &lo.root;
+	lo.root.fd = -1;
+	lo.cache = CACHE_NORMAL;
+
+	if (fuse_parse_cmdline(&args, &opts) != 0)
+		return 1;
+	if (opts.show_help) {
+		printf("usage: %s [options] <mountpoint>\n\n", argv[0]);
+		fuse_cmdline_help();
+		fuse_lowlevel_help();
+		ret = 0;
+		goto err_out1;
+	} else if (opts.show_version) {
+		printf("FUSE library version %s\n", fuse_pkgversion());
+		fuse_lowlevel_version();
+		ret = 0;
+		goto err_out1;
+	}
+
+	if(opts.mountpoint == NULL) {
+		printf("usage: %s [options] <mountpoint>\n", argv[0]);
+		printf("       %s --help\n", argv[0]);
+		ret = 1;
+		goto err_out1;
+	}
+
+	if (fuse_opt_parse(&args, &lo, lo_opts, NULL)== -1)
+		return 1;
+
+	lo.debug = opts.debug;
+	lo.root.refcount = 2;
+	if (lo.source) {
+		struct stat stat;
+		int res;
+
+		res = lstat(lo.source, &stat);
+		if (res == -1) {
+			fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_ERR, "failed to stat source (\"%s\"): %m\n",
+				 lo.source);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		if (!S_ISDIR(stat.st_mode)) {
+			fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_ERR, "source is not a directory\n");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		lo.source = "/";
+	}
+	lo.root.is_symlink = false;
+	if (!lo.timeout_set) {
+		switch (lo.cache) {
+		case CACHE_NEVER:
+			lo.timeout = 0.0;
+			break;
+
+		case CACHE_NORMAL:
+			lo.timeout = 1.0;
+			break;
+
+		case CACHE_ALWAYS:
+			lo.timeout = 86400.0;
+			break;
+		}
+	} else if (lo.timeout < 0) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_ERR, "timeout is negative (%lf)\n",
+			 lo.timeout);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	lo.root.fd = open(lo.source, O_PATH);
+	if (lo.root.fd == -1) {
+		fuse_log(FUSE_LOG_ERR, "open(\"%s\", O_PATH): %m\n",
+			 lo.source);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	se = fuse_session_new(&args, &lo_oper, sizeof(lo_oper), &lo);
+	if (se == NULL)
+	    goto err_out1;
+
+	if (fuse_set_signal_handlers(se) != 0)
+	    goto err_out2;
+
+	if (fuse_session_mount(se, opts.mountpoint) != 0)
+	    goto err_out3;
+
+	fuse_daemonize(opts.foreground);
+
+	/* Block until ctrl+c or fusermount -u */
+	if (opts.singlethread)
+		ret = fuse_session_loop(se);
+	else
+		ret = fuse_session_loop_mt(se, opts.clone_fd);
+
+	fuse_session_unmount(se);
+err_out3:
+	fuse_remove_signal_handlers(se);
+err_out2:
+	fuse_session_destroy(se);
+err_out1:
+	free(opts.mountpoint);
+	fuse_opt_free_args(&args);
+
+	if (lo.root.fd >= 0)
+		close(lo.root.fd);
+
+	return ret ? 1 : 0;
+}